Sentence and Kind of Sentences

একাদশ- দ্বাদশ শ্রেণি - English - English Grammar & Composition | NCTB BOOK

Sentence 

এক বা একাধিক Word শৃঙ্খলভাবে ব্যবহৃত হয়ে যদি একটি সম্পূর্ণ মনের ভাব প্রকাশ করে, তখন তাকে বাংলায় বাক্য এবং ইংরেজিতে Sentence বলে।

যেমন-

(i) The dog is a faithful animal.

(ii) He goes.

(iii) Run.

এখানে প্রথম বাক্যে একাধিক অর্থাৎ ৬টি word ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে। দ্বিতীয় বাক্যে ২টি word ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে এবং তৃতীয় বাক্যে ১টি word ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে। তৃতীয় বাক্য দ্বারা বুঝা যায় ১টি word দ্বারাও বাক্য সম্ভব। শুধুমাত্র Run শব্দটি (word) দ্বারা কাউকে দৌড়াতে বলা হয়েছে। এভাবে ১টি word দ্বারাও থাকা সম্ভব। যেমন Good, Yes, No, Listen, What, Walk ইত্যাদি।

Kinds of Sentence 

অর্থভেদে Sentence পাঁচ প্রকার। অর্থাৎ প্রকাশভঙ্গির ধরন বা কারো মনোভাব প্রকাশের ওপর ভিত্তি করে Sentence-কে পাচ ভাগে ভাগ করা হয়। 

যথা— 

(i) Assertive Sentence (বিবৃতিমূলক )

(ii) Interrogative Sentence (প্রশ্নবোধক )

(iii) Imperative Sentence (অনুজ্ঞাসুচক)

(iv) Optative Sentence (ইচ্ছা বা আশীর্বাদসূচক বাক্য)

(v) Exclamatory Sentence (বিস্ময়সূচক)

 

গঠনভেদে : গঠনভেদে Sentence-কে আবার তিন ভাগে ভাগ করা হয়। 

যথা :

A. Simple Sentence 

B. Complex Sentence

C. Compound Sentence

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Attend your classes regularly
Do not attend classes regularly
Attend classes regularly
Not attend classes regularly
Do not waste your time in vain.
Do not waste time in vain.
Not waste your time in vain.
Do not waste your valuable time in vain.

Assertive Sentence

যে Sentence বা বাক্য দ্বারা সাধারণভাবে কোনো বিবৃতি প্রদান করা হয়, তাকে Assertive Sentence বলে। 

যেমন— I know him very well.

The wind is unfavourable.

Assertive Sentence আবার ২ প্রকার। যথা :

(1) Affirmative Sentence (হ্যাঁ বোধক বাক্য)

The Python moves slowly.

(ii) Negative Sentence (না বোধক বাক্য)

The Python does not move quickly. 

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Assertive sentence
Optative Sentence
Imperative sentence
Complex sentence
I wish our cricket team to win the 'World Cup'.
I wish that our cricket team wins the 'World Cup'.
I wish that our cricket team could win the 'World Cup'.
I wish our cricket team can win the 'World Cup'.

Interrogative Sentence 

যে sentence বা বাক্য দ্বারা কোনো কিছু জানতে চাওয়া হয় অর্থাৎ প্রশ্ন করা হয়, তাকে Interrogative Sentence বলে।

যেমন—

(i) Do you like tea?

(ii) Where are you going now?

(iii) Does he read a book? 

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Would you please don't worry?
Would you please not worry?
Please don't to worry.
Would you please not to worry?
Every body loves a liar?
Every body lives a liar?
Who does not hate a liar?
Who does not hates a liar?
Do anyone like acid-throwing?
Is there anyone who can hate acid-throwing?
Who does accept acid-throwing?
Who does accept acid-throwing?
Who knows him?
Does every one know him?
Who does not know him?
Is he known by every one?
What matters if I fail?
Does it matter if I fail?
What does it matter if I fail?
Doesn't it matter if I fail ?
What is matters if I fail

Imperative Sentence

যে sentence বা বাক্য দ্বারা আদেশ, উপদেশ, অনুরোধ ইত্যাদি প্রকাশ পায়, তাকে Imperative Sentence বলে।

যেমন—

(1) Take care of your health. 

(ii) Let us go out for a walk.

[Note: Imperative Sentence-এ সচরাচর verb দ্বারা বাক্য শুরু হয় । 

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Let it be done.
Close the door.
The job is done.
She is cooking.
Attend your classes regularly
Do not attend classes regularly
Attend classes regularly
Not attend classes regularly
Attend your classes regularly
Do not attend classes regularly
Attend classes regularly
Not attend classes regularly
assertive sentence
imperative sentence
optative sentence
exclamation

Optative Sentence

যে বাক্য দ্বারা মনের ইচ্ছে বা কামনা, প্রার্থনা এসব বুঝায়, তাকে বলে Optative Sentence। 

যেমন— 

(1) May you live long.

(2) May Allah help you.

(3)May Allah help you. 

(4)May you recover soon.

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Exclamatory Sentence

যে sentence বা বাক্য দ্বারা মনের আনন্দ, সুখ, দুঃখ, বিস্ময় প্রভৃতি প্রকাশিত হয়, তাকে Exclamatory Sentence বলে।

যেমন—

(1) Hurrah! We have won the match.

(ii) Alas! I am undone.

(iii) How beautiful a bird is! 

(iv) What a sad piece of news it is!

[Note: অবশ্যই স্মরণ রাখতে হবে যে Interrogative Sentence-এর শেষে প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন (?) বসবে এবং Exclamatory Sentence-এর পর (What/How দ্বারা শুরু বাক্যে) বিস্ময়সূচক চিহ্ন (!) বসবে এবং Hurrah, Alas, Oh ইত্যাদি দ্বারা শুরু বাক্যে উক্ত শব্দগুলোর পরেই বিস্ময় চিহ্ন (!) ও বাক্যের শেষে ফুল স্টপ (.) বসবে।

What a delicious meal!

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Time flies very swiftly!
How time does fly !
How does time fly!
What a time flies!

Simple Sentence

একটি মাত্র Subject এবং একটি মাত্র finite verb নিয়ে গঠিত Sentence-কে Simple Sentence বলে।

Everyday we play football.

Killing the bird, the old man brought bad luck to the crew.

The sun having set, we went home.

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a small sentence
An assertive sentence
any one clause sentene
Any easy-to-understand sentence
The machine is working beyond our expectations
If I make a promise, I keep it.
Tell me what you mean by this.
He does not always speak as he thinks.
A small sentence
An assertive sentence
An one-clause sentence
An easy-to-understand sentence

Complex Sentence

একটি Principal clause এবং  এক বা একাধিক sub-ordinate clause নিয়ে গঠিত Sentence-কে  Complex Sentence বলে।

Example: 

He said that he was innocent.

This is the act that a wise man does. 

If you read, you will learn.

[Note: If, although, though, before, after, as, because, since, that, so that, unless, whether, when, where প্রভৃতি দ্বারা complex sentence  যুক্ত হয়। 

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If you buy one mobile, you get another mobile free
If you buy one mobile, you get one free
A mobile free on purchase of one mobile
Buy one mobile to get one free
None
compound sentence
complex-compound sentence
simple sentence
complex sentence
He had come after the sunset.
He came when the sun had set.
He come while the sun is set.
The sun had set and he came.
Many painting spaces were difficult to reach.
The caves were full of wild animals
Raninting materials were hard to find.
It was completely dark inside
complex sentence
simple sentence
compound sentence
adverbial clause

Compound Sentence

একাধিক Independent principal clause, co- ordinating conjunction (and, but, or, nor, also, however, moreover, thus, so, therefore, else, as well as, yet, whereas, not only but also, otherwise) দ্বারা যুক্ত হলে, তাকে Compound Sentence বলে।

Example

You are a student, so you have to study well.

Do or die.

The thief saw the police and ran away.

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It seemed impossible that he could escape
Only those boys who will work hard will succeed
He not only made a promise but kept it
He kept the promise he had made
Even he is cruel but I like him
Although he is rich, he is honest
Despite being rich he is honest
In spite of honesty he is rich
His accumulation of riches did not affect his honesty
complex sentence
simple sentence
compound sentence
exclamatory sentence
He makes promise and tries to keep it
He made primise to keep it
As he made a promise , he kept it .
He not only made a promise but also kept it
Speak the truth , or I will kil you.
I will kill you, if you do not speak the truth .
I will not kill you, if you speak the truth.
Speak the truth, then I will not kill you.
Please, contribute to add content into Negative Sentence.
Content
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I had no doubt whether he had passed.
I was not sure whether he had passed.
I was not doubtful whether he had passed.
I was not doubtless whether he had failed.
No one is better friend than he
No one is best friend as him
No friend is better friend than him
No friend is better friend than he
No star but the evening star appears
No star but only evening star appeared
None but the evening star has appeared
No star but evening star appeared
Does mother cook rice?
Has mother not cook rice/
Does not mother cook rice?
Does mother not cook rice?
There is no mother but loves her child.
Who does not loves her child.
(A+B)
None
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