Learning outcomes
After we have studied this unit, we will be able to

•  demonstrate understanding and summarise texts
•  ask and answer questions
•  take part in debates on given topics
• take part in role playing and conversations 
• draft and deliver lectures on given topics
• write letters to newspapers highlighting certain problems
•  write slogans for posters.

A. Read the following text and answer the questions.

Meherjan lives in a slum on the Sirajgonj Town Protection Embankment. The whispering wind from the river Jamuna makes the fire unsteady. The dancing flames remind Meherjan of the turmoil in her life. Not long ago Meherjan had everything- a family, arable land and cattle. The erosion of the Jamuna gradually consumed all her land property. It finally claimed her only shelter during the last monsoon. It took the river only a day to devour Meher's house, trees, vegetable garden and the bamboo bush. She had a happy family once. Over the years, she lost her husband and her family to diseases that cruel hunger and poverty brought to the family. Now, she is the only one left to live on with the loss and the pain. The greedy Jamuna has shattered her dreams and happiness.

There are thousand others waiting to share the same fate like Meherjan. Bangladesh is a land of rivers, some of whose banks overflow or erode during monsoon. Erosion is a harsh reality for the people living along the river banks. During each monsoon many more villages are threatened by the mighty rivers like the Jamuna, the Padma and the Meghna. It is estimated that river erosion makes at least 100,000 people homeless every year in Bangladesh. In fact, river erosion is one of the main dangers caused by climate change. If we can't take prompt actions to adapt to climate change, there will be thousands of more Meherjans in our towns and villages every year.

For each phrase below choose the meaning that is closest to the meaning used in the text above.
1. In paragraph 3 'mighty rivers' mean -

a. rivers that have huge volumes of water and very strong currents
b. rivers having many rowing boats in them
c. rivers that make people cry out
d. rivers that have strong banks

2. landed property -

a. a rented piece of land
b. a piece of land on the bank of a river
c. property in the form of a source of income to its owner
d. property used only as an agricultural farm

3. whispering wind -
a. wind that blows from across the river

b. wind that blows with a hissing sound
c. wind that helps someone make a fire
d. wind that blows in summer

4. dancing flames -
a. a traditional form of folk dance
b. flames that make people dance around them
c. flames that are made unstable by the blast of air
d. flames made by people to remember their past

C. Ask and answer the following questions in pairs.
a. What does Meherjan use to make fire for cooking her meals?
b.  What property did Meherjan lose due to river erosion?
c. What do you know about Meherjan's family?
d. In which season is river erosion most likely to occur?
e. Why is the phrase 'greedy Jamuna' used to describe the river?  What greed do you notice in the description?

E. Debate: Form two groups of 3/4. Decide which group will speak for/against the motion given below. In your group, first, discuss and note down five/six points to support/oppose the motion. Then select the speakers from each group to start the debate.

Motion: Humans can't do anything to control the course of nature.

A. Look at the pictures below and discuss the questions.

1. What do you see in each picture?
2. What are some of the common sources of environmental pollution?
3. Which of these sources are most threatening for your environment?

B. Now read the following passage to know more about environmental pollution in Bangladesh.
Bangladesh is now in the grip of all sorts of pollution like air pollution, soil pollution and water pollution. The dwellers of the urban areas are the worst sufferers of such pollution. The indiscriminate industrialisation process in Bangladesh over the past decades has created significant environmental problems. We will now read about some of the most common types of environmental pollutions and ways of coping with them.

Air Pollution
Air pollution comes from a wide variety of sources. In Bangladesh poisonous exhausts from industrial plants, brick kilns, old or poorly-serviced vehicles and dust from roads and construction sites are some of the major sources of air pollution. We can minimise this type of pollution by making less use of motor vehicles and avoiding the use of vehicles older than 20 years. We may also use proper lubricants to lessen the level of emission and pollutants. We can encourage people to use Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) or Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) for fuelling their cars. The government may relocate hazardous industries like brick kilns to areas away from human habitations.

Water Pollution
Water pollution can occur in oceans, rivers, lakes, ponds and underground reservoirs. As different water sources flow together, the pollution can spread easily and quickly. Causes of water pollution include:

• increased sediment from soil
• erosion
• improper waste disposal and littering
•  leakage of soil pollution into water supplies
• organic materials that decay in water supplies

In fact, polluting the land means polluting the water. Throwing away a toxic substance on the ground near a water source means it eventually reaches the body of water. As a result, the water is polluted. Industrial wastes must not be disposed in rivers or lakes. We need to be more careful about disposing household wastes too. Use of pesticides means that when it rains, chemicals used in the lawn or garden wash into the water bodies. Therefore, we must be aware of the dangers of using pesticides as they may pollute our rivers, canals and lakes.

Soil Pollution
Among the most significant causes of soil pollution is the enormous volume of industrial waste which is being produced every day but not disposed properly. The mismanagement of household wastes, particularly the polythene shopping bags, has caused serious threat to the soil and the drainage system. Another cause for soil pollution is the use of agricultural pesticides, fertilizers, etc. Sometimes fuel leakages from automobiles may get washed away by rain and seep into the nearby soil.
Pesticides and fertilizers are useful for plant growth but their overuse has led to soil pollution. Natural fertilizers and compost can be used instead of their chemical alternatives. Recycling is another way to reduce and control soil pollution. Recycling papers, plastics and other materials reduces the volume of refuse in landfills. De-forestation also causes erosion, pollution and the loss of fertility in the topsoil. Planting trees and re-forestation help prevent soil erosion and pollution.

C. From your reading of the above text complete each blank space in the table with no more than two words and/or numbers.

D. In groups of four, prepare a summary in 100 words of the topic below. First, work together to prepare a draft. When the draft is complete, select a group member to read it to the class.
 

                                                                                         Topic: Polluting the land means polluting the water

A. Discuss the questions in pairs.

1. Can man influence the climate? If the answer is yes, explain how?
2. Which human activities are responsible for increasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?
3. How can trees help save our environment?

Now read the text below and find answers to the above questions.

Humans can neither change the sun's radiation nor the earth's orbit around the sun. But they can control the increase in the amount of greenhouse gases and its effect on the atmosphere. Only during the last hundred years the carbon dioxide concentration has been raised alarmingly in the atmosphere and we humans can be held responsible for this.

The main cause of the increase in carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere is the burning of fossil fuels. Since the end of the 19th century, industrial activities increased rapidly giving rise to many factories. These factories required energy, which was produced through the combustion of coal. Besides coal, other sources of energy such as mineral oil and natural gas were also burned to heat our houses, run cars and airplanes or to produce electricity. Nowadays, about 85 million barrels of crude oil are burned daily. Every time a fossil raw material is burned, it releases carbon dioxide into the air. Therefore, it is clear that more and more greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide are being generated worldwide by humans. Moreover, we are also strengthening the greenhouse effect by deforestation, which means cutting down trees. Every year enormous areas of forests are destroyed by people to obtain wood and to clear regions for mining and to create pasture. This loss of the forest causes dual problems. Trees that are burned up release large volumes of carbon dioxide gas into the air. On the other hand, as forests absorb a lot of carbon dioxide from the air and deliver oxygen instead, we also destroy an important storehouse of carbon dioxide when we clear forests.

B. Read the statements below and say if they are True/False. If false, give the correct information.
1. Fossil fuels are burned at an alarming rate due to industrialisation.
2. Coal is the only fuel used for generating energy.
3. At present, nearly 85 million barrels of crude oil are used weekly.
4. Deforestation is caused by nature.
5. Forests help consume carbon dioxide gases from the air.

C. Match the meanings in column B and the words/phrases in column A.

D. Write a letter to the Editor of a newspaper expressing your concern about growing deforestation in your area. Describe how deforestation is changing your environment. Also suggest what actions could be taken to stop cutting down trees. Follow the clues below.

• dangers caused by deforestation
• increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
• the greenhouse effect
• making people aware of the adverse effect of deforestation 
• making an action plan to stop deforestation

A. Spend one minute thinking about your life as a fish. In pairs, talk to another "fish" about your life as a fish,

B. Do you agree with the following statements on fish and fishing? Discuss with your partner(s).
a. Fish will never disappear. There will always be enough fish to feed the world.
b. In many ways, people are like fish.

C. The hobby of fishing should be banned to help protect fish population. Read the text below and say if the statements that follow are True/ C False. If false, give the correct information.

Fish population is in serious danger from global warming. Climate change is increasing the water temperature in rivers, lakes and seas. This means there is less food and oxygen available for fish. It also means the fish may not grow fully and may have fewer fish fries. Some fishes will become extinct if temperatures rise even by one or two degrees Celsius.
Climate change increases the pressure on fish population. Fishes are one of the world's most valuable biological assets. Forty percent of people in the world eat fish as their main source of protein. If we fail to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, we will increase the pressure on fish. As a result, people who depend on fish will suffer from hunger and poverty.

Statements:
1. Global warming will kill all the fishes within ten years.
2. Some fishes can not reproduce if the water is too warm.
3. A two degree Celsius rise in temperature will make some species extinct.

4. Fishes are valuable economic investments.

5. Nearly 14% of people depend on fish for their basic food needs.

6. People will suffer a lot if greater pressure is put on fish.

D. Role play: Student A is a fish. Student B is a fisherman. First write a dialogue between the two. Then act it out. Change roles and repeat the role-play

E. You are a nature lover. Write a letter to the organizers of the National Climate Change Conference in Bangladesh. Tell them about how global warming is changing your environment. Also suggest what they can do to help save fish population.

A. Discuss the questions in pairs.

1. Do you throw away empty cans and bottles?
2. What do you do with your old newspapers?
3. What happens to the garbage after you throw it away?

B. Read the following text carefully to know about how we can save our environment.

                                                                                                      LET'S SAVE OUR PLANET !
Everyone must play a part in protecting the environment. There are many things you can do on your own every day to help save the planet. Here are some suggestions.

REDUCE!
Really, the best thing we can do for the planet is to use its resources properly. Our unplanned activities are mainly responsible for the environmental crisis. Here are some questions you can ask yourself before buying something, "Do I really need this?" or "Is there another product which would do the same thing but is more sustainable?" Or ask the question, "Will this last a long time?" Some other questions may be, "Do I know how this item was made, how it will be used and how it will be disposed of?"

REUSE!
What do you think of using your own ceramic cup or mug at your school or local club? It means there are no plastic cups to throw away. You can wash it and reuse it every day. Unfortunately, we are encouraged to buy a new "improved" item even if the one we have can be repaired or reused. When we buy things, we should buy those that are durable; we should use them properly, and have them repaired when necessary. If we practise this, many things will not only last a life-time, but also be passed on for future use. However, if something is truly unusable for its original purposes, try to be more creative and think of how else it might be used. When you're done with it, think of whether someone else might be able to use it. You can donate some of the things to the poor. You may also sell some of your used items through personal advertisements in a local newspaper or in social media.

RECYCLE!
Rather than throwing an item out when neither you nor anyone else can make use of it, have it recycled. And if recycling is not possible, it is better to send goods to a landfill or have them burned up. Find out what types of materials can be recycled in your area. Clean and sort the materials before putting them out in the bin. Recycling your drink and food cans means there will be less trash in a resource recovery facility or landfill. Moreover, a company can use the old cans to make new ones.

C. Now ask and answer these questions in pairs.
1. How can you cut down your shopping list?
2. What can you do to reuse things?
3. What kind of household goods, clothes and toys, can be donated?

4. How can you sell your used items?
5. How recycling may help save our environment?

E. To do this exercise, you will need information about recycling in your local community. If you don't know, ask your teacher to help you learn what you can recycle from your home. Then choose one item from the box to talk about it following the model below.

A: What are you going to do with these old magazines?
B: I don't know what to do with these.
A: Why don't you reuse/recycle them?
B: How can I do that?
A: It's easy. Take them to a shop that buys old newspapers and magazines for recycling.