Literary terms and genres

একাদশ- দ্বাদশ শ্রেণি - English English Literature( for Admission) | - | NCTB BOOK

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A literary term is a word or phrase that describes a specific aspect of literature, such as a figure of speech, a narrative technique, a genre, or a type of writing. For example, metaphor, irony, satire, and allegory are all literary terms.

A genre is a category of literature that is defined by its form, content, and style. Genres can be broad, such as poetry, fiction, and drama; or they can be specific, such as romance, mystery, and science fiction. Genres help readers and writers to classify and analyze literary works. For example, Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy, which is a genre of drama.

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A ‘hyperbole’ is a/an_

authentic

statement of something

overstatement of something

hesitant statement of something

English Literary terms and genres

#.
Commencement of words with the same letter---

pun

alliteration

transferred epithet

oxymoron

English Literary terms and genres

#.
Metaphor, simile, synecdoche, personification, hyperbole, and pun are types of:

ornamental language

figurative language

literal language

fictional language

English Literary terms and genres

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Eyes are ocean - the figure of speech used here is:

Simile

irony

Metaphor

Bathos

English Literary terms and genres

Read the excerpt from the play Nuroldiner sara Jiban by Sayed Shamsul Haq and answer the questions

Get ready, ready, ready, ready, ready, wake, and start up. Look with careful eyes, listen with careful ears Listen carefully, brothers mine. [...] Nabab Sirajuddaulah has been defeated at Plassey The Gora [...] company rules the country now. The Gora playes four tricks to rule seating on my chest.

Debi Singh extracts taxes tying ropes around my throat, Tying the ropes around my throat he declares Pay the taxes with the bulls and cash money. Look at his tricks, brothers mine; If you want to sell rice you have to go to Mahajan, I grow rice; I grow jute with blood-like sweat, The Mahajan buys rice with the price of his sweet will. I pay the taxes with the rice money; what is left for.my child to eat? The tiller goes to the kutial (indigo planter] to borrow, Accepting a high interest rate, the tiller borrows rice, How do I pay back the borrowing? Again I borrow, Giving my cows and bull, giving my land, giving my land, giving everything

(Translated as Nuroldin by Khairul Haque Chowdhury)

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The figure of speech 'blood-like' in line 12 is an example of_

metaphor

simile

hyperbole

irony

English Literary terms and genres

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Epic

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An epic is a long narrative poem that recounts the deeds and adventures of heroic or legendary figures. Epics are usually written in a formal and elevated style, and they often include supernatural elements, such as gods, monsters, or magic. Epics also reflect the values and beliefs of the culture that produced them, and they often serve as a source of inspiration and identity for their readers.

Some of the common characteristics of epics are:

They begin with an invocation to a muse or a deity, asking for inspiration and guidance in telling the story.
They state the theme or the main idea of the story in the beginning, usually in one sentence or phrase.
They use in medias res, which means starting the story in the middle of the action, and then using flashbacks or narration to fill in the background information.
They have a vast setting, covering many lands, regions, or even worlds, depending on the scope of the story.
They feature a hero who is of noble birth or high status, and who possesses extraordinary qualities, such as strength, courage, intelligence, or charisma.
They depict epic battles between the hero and his enemies, often involving large armies, fierce creatures, or divine intervention.
They include epic similes, which are long and elaborate comparisons that use words like “as” or “like” to describe something in detail.
They employ epithets, which are descriptive phrases that are used to identify a character or an object, such as “swift-footed Achilles” or “the rosy-fingered dawn”.
They incorporate catalogues, which are lists of people, places, things, or events that are relevant to the story, such as the names of the ships or the warriors in a battle.

Some of the famous examples of epics are:

The Epic of Gilgamesh: This is one of the oldest surviving works of literature, dating back to ancient Mesopotamia. It tells the story of Gilgamesh, a king who seeks immortality and friendship through his adventures with his companion Enkidu.
The Iliad and the Odyssey: These are two epic poems attributed to Homer, a Greek poet who lived around the 8th century BC. The Iliad tells the story of the Trojan War, focusing on the conflict between Achilles and Hector. The Odyssey tells the story of Odysseus, who faces many challenges and dangers on his way back home after the war.
The Ramayana and the Mahabharata: These are two epic poems from ancient India, composed between the 4th century BC and the 4th century AD. The Ramayana tells the story of Rama, a prince who rescues his wife Sita from the demon king Ravana. The Mahabharata tells the story of the Kurukshetra War, a civil war between two branches of a royal family.
Beowulf: This is an epic poem from Anglo-Saxon England, written sometime between the 8th and 11th centuries AD. It tells the story of Beowulf, a hero who fights three monstrous enemies: Grendel, Grendel’s mother, and a dragon.
Paradise Lost: This is an epic poem by John Milton, a English poet who lived in the 17th century. It tells the story of Satan’s rebellion against God, his temptation of Adam and Eve, and their expulsion from Eden.

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#.
Manasamangal is a/an-----.

tragedy

comedy

epic

ethnic song

English Epic

#. "Paradise Lost" is-----.

An Epic

A Drama

A fiction

A Dramatic Monogogue

English Epic

#. What is an epic ?

a novel

composition

romance

a long poem

English Epic

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Simile

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A simile is a figure of speech that compares two different things using the words “like” or “as”. For example, “She is as sweet as a rose” is a simile that compares a person to a flower. Similes are used to make descriptions more vivid, interesting, or poetic. They can also help the reader or listener to imagine something more clearly or relate to something more easily.

Some common similes that you might have heard are:

He was as brave as a lion.
She ran like the wind.
He was as cold as ice.
She shone like a star.
He was as sly as a fox.

Similes are different from metaphors, which are another type of comparison. Metaphors do not use “like” or “as”, but instead say that one thing is another thing. For example, “She is a rose” is a metaphor that implies that she has the qualities of a rose, such as beauty, fragrance, or delicacy.

Similes are very common in literature, especially in poetry and songs. Here are some examples of similes from famous works:

My mistress’ eyes are nothing like the sun (William Shakespeare, Sonnet 130)
Life is like a box of chocolates (Forrest Gump)
I wandered lonely as a cloud (William Wordsworth, Daffodils)
Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun? (Langston Hughes, Harlem)
Love is like a friendship caught on fire (Bruce Lee)

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Metaphor

A metaphor is a literary device that compares two things that are not alike in most ways, but have some common characteristics. A metaphor says that one thing is another thing, without using the words “like” or “as”. For example, in the sentence “She is a rose”, the word “rose” is a metaphor for the person, because roses are beautiful, fragrant, and delicate.

Metaphors are used to make language more expressive, creative, and vivid. They can help the reader or listener to imagine something more clearly, or to understand something more deeply. Metaphors can also convey emotions, attitudes, or moods. For example, in the sentence “He has a heart of gold”, the word “gold” is a metaphor for the person’s kindness, generosity, and value.

Metaphors are very common in everyday speech and writing, as well as in poetry, literature, music, and art. Some famous examples of metaphors are:

All the world’s a stage. (William Shakespeare)
America is a melting pot. (Ralph Waldo Emerson)
Time is money. (Benjamin Franklin)
Life is a roller coaster. (Anonymous)
The moon was a ghostly galleon. (Alfred Noyes)

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#.
'Rose' is often used as----for beauty on the beautiful.

Parallel

Metaphor

Euphemism

Collocation

English Metaphor

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alliteration

Alliteration is a literary technique that uses the repetition of the same sound at the beginning of words that are close to each other. For example, “She sells seashells by the seashore” is a sentence that uses alliteration. Alliteration can make the words sound more rhythmic, catchy, or memorable. Alliteration is often used in poetry, songs, speeches, and brand names. Some examples of alliteration from literature and film are:

“From forth the fatal loins of these two foes / A pair of star-crossed lovers take their life.” (William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet)
“The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew / The furrow followed free.” (Samuel Taylor Coleridge, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner)
“Veni, vidi, vici.” (Julius Caesar)

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Climax

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Climax as a figure of speech is a rhetorical device that arranges words, phrases, or clauses in order of increasing importance or intensity. It creates a sense of rising excitement, urgency, or emphasis in the expression. For example, in the sentence “I came, I saw, I conquered”, the speaker uses climax to show the progression of his actions and achievements.

Some of the features of climax as a figure of speech are:

It usually involves at least three elements that are related in some way, such as synonyms, antonyms, causes, effects, or steps.
It often uses conjunctions such as “and”, “or”, or “but” to connect the elements and show their relationship.
It can be used to create contrast, comparison, climax, or anticlimax depending on the order and meaning of the elements.
It can be used to persuade, motivate, inspire, or entertain the audience by appealing to their emotions, logic, or imagination.

Some of the examples of climax as a figure of speech are:

“To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield.” (Alfred Tennyson, Ulysses)
“It’s a bird! It’s a plane! It’s Superman!” (Superman slogan)
“Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few.” (Winston Churchill)
“Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.” (Francis Bacon)

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Personification

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Personification is a figure of speech that attributes human characteristics to non-human things or abstract ideas. It is a common literary device that can be used to make writing more vivid and engaging. Personification can be used to describe the appearance, actions, or emotions of non-human things.

Examples of personification in literature:

"The wind whispered through the trees."
"The sun smiled down on the beachgoers."
"The car complained as it struggled up the hill."
"The city never sleeps."
"Love is a many-splendored thing."

Personification can be a powerful tool for writers. It can help to create a sense of empathy for non-human things, make writing more descriptive and engaging, and add humor or pathos to a story.

Here are some reasons why personification is used in literature:

To make writing more vivid and engaging
To create a sense of empathy for non-human things
To add humor or pathos to a story
To emphasize certain characteristics of a non-human thing
To compare and contrast non-human things to human beings

Personification is a common figure of speech that can be found in all forms of literature, from poetry and fiction to essays and speeches. It is a versatile tool that can be used to achieve a variety of effects. When used effectively, personification can make writing more interesting, memorable, and thought-provoking.

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Hyperbole

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Hyperbole is a figure of speech that uses exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally. It aims to create emphasis and evoke strong feelings through dramatic comparisons.

Here are some key points about hyperbole:

Purpose: To emphasize, evoke strong emotions, create humor, or build intensity.
How it works: By using extreme exaggeration, often through comparison or figurative language.
Effect: Creates a vivid and memorable impression on the reader or listener.
Examples:
- "I'm so hungry I could eat a horse."
- "I died laughing at that joke."
- "This suitcase weighs a ton!"
- "The line for the concert was a mile long."
- "She's the most beautiful woman in the world."

Hyperbole is distinct from lying because it's not intended to mislead. It's understood that the statement is exaggerated for effect. However, it's important to use hyperbole judiciously as overuse can weaken its impact or make your writing sound unconvincing.

Here are some examples of how hyperbole is used:

In literature: Authors use hyperbole to add humor, create dramatic effect, or emphasize certain traits of characters or situations.
In advertising: Hyperbolic claims are used to grab attention and make products sound more appealing.
In everyday speech: We often use hyperbole to express strong emotions or emphasize a point.

By understanding how hyperbole works, you can learn to appreciate its effectiveness in various forms of communication and even try incorporating it into your own writing or speech for added impact.

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#. " A way of speaking or writing that makes somethong sound better, more exciting, dangerous etc. then it is really". This can be the best definition of the term---

smile

personification

synecdoche

hyperbole

English Hyperbole

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Limerick

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A limerick is a humorous five-line poem with a strict rhyme scheme of AABBA. The first, second, and fifth lines have the same rhyme, while the third and fourth lines have a different rhyme. Limericks are typically lighthearted and often nonsense, making them a fun and engaging form of poetry.

Here is an example of a limerick:

There once was a fellow named Clyde,
Whose hair was a source of great pride.
He'd comb it and style it,
And never beguile it,
A sight to behold, far and wide.

Here are some of the key features of a limerick:

Five lines: A limerick is made up of exactly five lines.
AA rhyme scheme: The first, second, and fifth lines rhyme with each other.
BB rhyme scheme: The third and fourth lines rhyme with each other.
Humorous content: Limericks are typically lighthearted and often nonsense, making them a fun and engaging form of poetry.

Limericks are a popular form of poetry that has been around for centuries. They are often used in children's literature, but they can also be enjoyed by adults. Limericks are a great way to practice your rhyming skills and to have some fun with language.

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Soliloquy

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A soliloquy is a literary device in which a character speaks their thoughts aloud to themselves. Soliloquies are often used in drama to reveal a character's inner thoughts and motivations to the audience.

Here are some key features of a soliloquy:

Spoken by a single character: A soliloquy is delivered by a single character, usually when they are alone on stage.
Directed to oneself: The character is speaking to themselves, not to another character or the audience.
Reveals inner thoughts: Soliloquies are used to reveal the character's inner thoughts, feelings, and motivations.
Can be dramatic or humorous: Soliloquies can be used to create dramatic tension, provide comic relief, or both.

Here are some examples of soliloquies in literature:

Hamlet's "To be or not to be" soliloquy in Shakespeare's Hamlet is perhaps the most famous soliloquy in all of literature. In this soliloquy, Hamlet contemplates suicide as he struggles with his own inner turmoil.
Prospero's "Our revels now are ended" soliloquy in Shakespeare's The Tempest is another famous example of a soliloquy. In this soliloquy, Prospero renounces his magic and prepares to return to his life as the Duke of Milan.
Blanche DuBois' "I have always depended on the kindness of strangers" soliloquy in Tennessee Williams' A Streetcar Named Desire is a powerful example of a soliloquy that reveals a character's inner vulnerability.
Willy Loman's "I am not a dime a dozen!" soliloquy in Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman is a tragic example of a soliloquy that reveals a character's downfall.

Soliloquies are a powerful literary device that can be used to create a variety of effects. They can be used to reveal a character's inner thoughts and motivations, create dramatic tension, provide comic relief, and explore complex themes.

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