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Sentences & Transformations

English - English Grammar & Composition - Sentences & Transformations
Please, contribute to add content into Sentences & Transformations.
Content
Supple mentary tax
Sentence building
Manner of speech
Synchronizing act
Attend your classes regularly
Do not attend classes regularly
Attend classes regularly
Not attend classes regularly
Supple mentary tax
Sentence building
Manner of speech
Synchronizing act
Supplementary tax
Rules of sentence building
Manner of speech
Synchronizing act
Negative Sentence

Sentence 

এক বা একাধিক Word শৃঙ্খলভাবে ব্যবহৃত হয়ে যদি একটি সম্পূর্ণ মনের ভাব প্রকাশ করে, তখন তাকে বাংলায় বাক্য এবং ইংরেজিতে Sentence বলে।

যেমন-

(i) The dog is a faithful animal.

(ii) He goes.

(iii) Run.

এখানে প্রথম বাক্যে একাধিক অর্থাৎ ৬টি word ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে। দ্বিতীয় বাক্যে ২টি word ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে এবং তৃতীয় বাক্যে ১টি word ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে। তৃতীয় বাক্য দ্বারা বুঝা যায় ১টি word দ্বারাও বাক্য সম্ভব। শুধুমাত্র Run শব্দটি (word) দ্বারা কাউকে দৌড়াতে বলা হয়েছে। এভাবে ১টি word দ্বারাও থাকা সম্ভব। যেমন Good, Yes, No, Listen, What, Walk ইত্যাদি।

Kinds of Sentence 

অর্থভেদে Sentence পাঁচ প্রকার। অর্থাৎ প্রকাশভঙ্গির ধরন বা কারো মনোভাব প্রকাশের ওপর ভিত্তি করে Sentence-কে পাচ ভাগে ভাগ করা হয়। 

যথা— 

(i) Assertive Sentence (বিবৃতিমূলক )

(ii) Interrogative Sentence (প্রশ্নবোধক )

(iii) Imperative Sentence (অনুজ্ঞাসুচক)

(iv) Optative Sentence (ইচ্ছা বা আশীর্বাদসূচক বাক্য)

(v) Exclamatory Sentence (বিস্ময়সূচক)

 

গঠনভেদে : গঠনভেদে Sentence-কে আবার তিন ভাগে ভাগ করা হয়। 

যথা :

A. Simple Sentence 

B. Complex Sentence

C. Compound Sentence

Content added || updated By
Attend your classes regularly
Do not attend classes regularly
Attend classes regularly
Not attend classes regularly
Do not waste your time in vain.
Do not waste time in vain.
Not waste your time in vain.
Do not waste your valuable time in vain.

Assertive Sentence

যে Sentence বা বাক্য দ্বারা সাধারণভাবে কোনো বিবৃতি প্রদান করা হয়, তাকে Assertive Sentence বলে। 

যেমন— I know him very well.

The wind is unfavourable.

Assertive Sentence আবার ২ প্রকার। যথা :

(1) Affirmative Sentence (হ্যাঁ বোধক বাক্য)

The Python moves slowly.

(ii) Negative Sentence (না বোধক বাক্য)

The Python does not move quickly. 

Content added By
Assertive sentence
Optative Sentence
Imperative sentence
Complex sentence
I wish our cricket team to win the 'World Cup'.
I wish that our cricket team wins the 'World Cup'.
I wish that our cricket team could win the 'World Cup'.
I wish our cricket team can win the 'World Cup'.

Interrogative Sentence 

যে sentence বা বাক্য দ্বারা কোনো কিছু জানতে চাওয়া হয় অর্থাৎ প্রশ্ন করা হয়, তাকে Interrogative Sentence বলে।

যেমন—

(i) Do you like tea?

(ii) Where are you going now?

(iii) Does he read a book? 

Content added By
What matters if I fail?
Does it matter if I fail?
What does it matter if I fail?
Doesn't it matter if I fail ?
What is matters if I fail
Does nobody trust a liar ?
Does anybody trust a liar?
What does not trust a liar?
Who trust a liar?
Had your father came homme last night?
Did your father come home last night?
Have your father came home last night?
Was your father came home last night?
Did he ever go there?
Did he never go there?
When did he go there?
Had he ever gone there?

Imperative Sentence

যে sentence বা বাক্য দ্বারা আদেশ, উপদেশ, অনুরোধ ইত্যাদি প্রকাশ পায়, তাকে Imperative Sentence বলে।

যেমন—

(1) Take care of your health. 

(ii) Let us go out for a walk.

[Note: Imperative Sentence-এ সচরাচর verb দ্বারা বাক্য শুরু হয় । 

Content added By
Attend your classes regularly
Do not attend classes regularly
Attend classes regularly
Not attend classes regularly
Attend your classes regularly
Do not attend classes regularly
Attend classes regularly
Not attend classes regularly
assertive sentence
imperative sentence
optative sentence
exclamation
Let it be done.
Close the door.
The job is done.
She is cooking.

Optative Sentence

যে বাক্য দ্বারা মনের ইচ্ছে বা কামনা, প্রার্থনা এসব বুঝায়, তাকে বলে Optative Sentence। 

যেমন— 

(1) May you live long.

(2) May Allah help you.

(3)May Allah help you. 

(4)May you recover soon.

Content added By

Exclamatory Sentence

যে sentence বা বাক্য দ্বারা মনের আনন্দ, সুখ, দুঃখ, বিস্ময় প্রভৃতি প্রকাশিত হয়, তাকে Exclamatory Sentence বলে।

যেমন—

(1) Hurrah! We have won the match.

(ii) Alas! I am undone.

(iii) How beautiful a bird is! 

(iv) What a sad piece of news it is!

[Note: অবশ্যই স্মরণ রাখতে হবে যে Interrogative Sentence-এর শেষে প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন (?) বসবে এবং Exclamatory Sentence-এর পর (What/How দ্বারা শুরু বাক্যে) বিস্ময়সূচক চিহ্ন (!) বসবে এবং Hurrah, Alas, Oh ইত্যাদি দ্বারা শুরু বাক্যে উক্ত শব্দগুলোর পরেই বিস্ময় চিহ্ন (!) ও বাক্যের শেষে ফুল স্টপ (.) বসবে।

What a delicious meal!

Content added By

Simple Sentence

একটি মাত্র Subject এবং একটি মাত্র finite verb নিয়ে গঠিত Sentence-কে Simple Sentence বলে।

Everyday we play football.

Killing the bird, the old man brought bad luck to the crew.

The sun having set, we went home.

Content added By
Since she was ill, she did not come.
Read more and you will know more.
If you read more you will know more.
In spite of his proverty he is honest.
There is an immensity of scientific boons to mankind
Science has given immense boons to mankind
Science is immensely popular to mankind
Science has large boons to mankind
Science has many boons to mankind
I admit his greatness as a poet
I admit him to be a poet
I admit his poetic genius
That he is a great poet is admitted by me
His greatness as a poet is admitted

Complex Sentence

একটি Principal clause এবং  এক বা একাধিক sub-ordinate clause নিয়ে গঠিত Sentence-কে  Complex Sentence বলে।

Example: 

He said that he was innocent.

This is the act that a wise man does. 

If you read, you will learn.

[Note: If, although, though, before, after, as, because, since, that, so that, unless, whether, when, where প্রভৃতি দ্বারা complex sentence  যুক্ত হয়। 

Content added By
He is a boy
He is a good boy
Though he is wealthy,he is a miser
In spite of his wealth he is a miser
he is a boy
he is a good boy
though he is wealthy, he is a miser
in spite of his wealth he is a miser
Simple sentence
Complex Sentence
Compound sentence
Interrogative sentence
He is a boy.
He is a good boy.
Though he is wealthy,he is a miser.
In spite of his wealth he is a miser.

Compound Sentence

একাধিক Independent principal clause, co- ordinating conjunction (and, but, or, nor, also, however, moreover, thus, so, therefore, else, as well as, yet, whereas, not only but also, otherwise) দ্বারা যুক্ত হলে, তাকে Compound Sentence বলে।

Example

You are a student, so you have to study well.

Do or die.

The thief saw the police and ran away.

Content added By
complex sentence
simple sentence
compound sentence
exclamatory sentence
History shows right and wrong ways of the discoveries of science
History has to choose right and wrong use of science and its discoveries
There are right and wrong use of science and history shows it
Man always has to choose right and wrong use of discoveries of science and the history of civilization
Man is behind discoveries of science and history shows
Work hard and you will succeed in life
By taking fruits and vegetables, you will get vitamins.
The sun having set we returned home.
Because of raining, we could not go to school.
The enemy fled as soon as they saw us
I am glad that you have come
The enemy saw us and fled at once
I have found the pen I lost
Owing to weakness I cannot Walk
As I am weak I cannot Walk
I am weak but I can Walk
I can walk although I am weak
Please, contribute to add content into Negative Sentence.
Content
Content added By
I had no doubt whether he had passed.
I was not sure whether he had passed.
I was not doubtful whether he had passed.
I was not doubtless whether he had failed.
No one is better friend than he
No one is best friend as him
No friend is better friend than him
No friend is better friend than he
No star but the evening star appears
No star but only evening star appeared
None but the evening star has appeared
No star but evening star appeared
Does mother cook rice?
Has mother not cook rice/
Does not mother cook rice?
Does mother not cook rice?
There is no mother but loves her child.
Who does not loves her child.
(A+B)
None
Please, contribute to add content into Transformation of sentences.
Content
When I was there, it was autumn.
I was there when it was autumn.
In the autumn season I was there.
I was there, because it was autumn.
You will move to die
In case of your failure to move, you will die
If you do not move, you will die
You have to move to die
They admitted that they were guilty
They admitted when they were guilty
They admitted because they were guilty
They admitted, they have guiltiness
Man is the maker of his own fortune.
man makes his own fortune.
Men are the makers of his own fortune.
Men make his own fortune

Voice 

Voice অর্থ বাচ্য , ক্রিয়া প্রকাশের ভঙ্গিমাকে ই Voice বা বাচ্য বলে ।

Voice এর প্রকারভেদ: Voice দুই প্রকার । যথা

1. Active Voice (কর্তৃবাচ্য)

2. Passive Voice (কর্মবাচ্য)।

1. Active Voice( কর্তৃবাচ্য ): কোন Sentence এ যদি Subject সক্রিয় হয়ে কোন কাজ সম্পাদন করে তখন তাকে Active Voice বলে ।

যেমন :

I eat rice.

He writes a letter.

Fateha reads a book.

We are playing football.

2. Passive Voice( কর্মবাচ্য ): কোন Sentence এ যদি Subject কে দিয়ে কোন কাজ করানো হয় বুঝায় তখন তাকে Passive Voice বলে ।

যেমন :

Rice Is eaten by me.

A letter is written by him.

A book is read by Fateha.

Football is being played by us.

Voice Change করার নিয়ম । কিভাবে Active Voice কে Passive Voice এ পরিবর্তন করা হয় ।

Active Voice কে Passive Voice এ পরিবর্তন করার General Rule : 

Active Voice কে Passive Voice এ পরিবর্তন করতে হলে Active Voice এর Object Passive Voice এ Subject হয়ে বসে এবং Active Voice এর Subject টি Passive Voice এ Object হয়ে বসে এবং তার পূর্বে by বসে । Active Voice এর মূল Verb এর Passive Voice এ Past Participle রূপ হয় এবং Tense ও Passive Voice এর Subject অনুযায়ী Be Verb বসে ।

Tense অনুযায়ী Active Voice কে Passive Voice এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়মাবলী :

 

Present Indefinite Tense

গঠন : Present Indefinite Tense এ Active voice কে Passive Voice এ পরিবর্তন করতে হলে Active Voice এর Object টি Passive Voice এ Subject হয়ে বসবে এবং Active Voice এর Subject টি Passive Voice এ Object হয়ে বসবে এবং তার পূর্বে by বসবে। Passive Voice এর Subject এর Person ও Number অনুযায়ী তার পরে Be Verb, am / is / are এর যেকোন একটি বসবে। এবং Active Voice এর মূল Verb টি Passive Voice এ Past Participle রূপে বসবে।

গঠন প্রণালী : Active Voice এর Object + am / is/ are + মূল Verb এর Past Participle রূপ + by + Active Voice এর Subject.

যেমন :-

Active : I eat rice.

Passive : Rice is eaten by me.

Active : They play football.

Passive : Football is played by them.

Active : I see the man.

Passive : The man is seen by me.

Active : Mother cooks rice.

Passive : Rice is cooked by mother.

Active : We eat mango.

Passive : Mango is eaten by us.

Active : She reads Arabic.

Passive : Arabic is read by her.

Active : Mr Khan teaches English.

Passive : English is taught by Mr Khan.

Active : Lima makes tea.

Passive : Tea is made by Lima.

Active : Rony Reads a book.

Passive : A book is read by Rony.

Active : Rina makes basket.

Passive : Basket is made by Rina.

 

Past Indefinite Tense

গঠন : Past Indefinite Tense এ Active voice কে Passive Voice এ পরিবর্তন করতে হলে Active Voice এর Object টি Passive Voice এ Subject হয়ে বসবে এবং Active Voice এর Subject টি Passive Voice এ Object হয়ে বসবে এবং তার পূর্বে by বসবে। Passive Voice এর Subject এর Person ও Number অনুযায়ী তার পরে Be Verb, was / were এর যেকোন একটি বসবে। এবং Active Voice এর মূল Verb টি Passive Voice এ Past Participle রূপে বসবে।

গঠন প্রণালী : Active Voice এর Object + was / were + মূল Verb এর Past Participle রূপ + by + Active Voice এর Subject.

যেমন :-

Active : I ate rice.

Passive : Rice was eaten by me.

Active : Rina wrote a letter.

Passive : A letter was written by Rina.

Active : She sang a song.

Passive : A song was sung by her.

Active : We did the work.

Passive : The work was done by us.

Active : Mother cooked food.

Passive : Food was cooked by mother.

Active : They played Cricket.

Passive : Cricket was played by them.

Active : The man sold the land.

Passive : The land was sold by the man.

Active : I knew them.

Passive : They were known by me.

Active : Police arrested the Criminals.

Passive : The Criminals were arrested by Police.

Active : Mr. Khan taught the students.

Passive : The Students were taught by Mr. Khan.

 

Future Indefinite Tense

গঠন : Future Indefinite Tense এ Active voice কে Passive Voice এ পরিবর্তন করতে হলে Active Voice এর Object টি Passive Voice এ Subject হয়ে বসবে এবং Active Voice এর Subject টি Passive Voice এ Object হয়ে বসবে এবং তার পূর্বে by বসবে। Passive Voice এর Subject এর Person ও Number অনুযায়ী তার পরে Be Verb, shall be / will be এর যেকোন একটি বসবে। এবং Active Voice এর মূল Verb টি Passive Voice এ Past Participle রূপে বসবে।

গঠন প্রণালী : Active Voice এর Object + shall be / will be + মূল Verb এর Past Participle রূপ + by + Active Voice এর Subject.

যেমন :-

Active : I shall write a letter.

Passive : A letter will be written by me.

Active : Swapan will support me.

Passive : I shall be supported by Swapan.

Active : Tania will make tea.

Passive : Tea will be made by Tania.

Active : Rana will write a story.

Passive : A story will be written by Rana.

Active : Father will buy a cow.

Passive : A cow will be bought by father.

Active : She will learn the lesson.

Passive : The lesson will be learnt by her.

Active : Ema will sing a song.

Passive : A song will be sung by Ema.

Active : we shall play football.

Passive : Football will be played by us.

Active : mother will cook rice.

Passive : Rice will be cooked by Mother.

Active : Ali will catch fish.

Passive : Fish will be caught by Ali.

 

Present Continuous Tense

গঠন : Present Continuous Tense এ Active voice কে Passive Voice এ পরিবর্তন করতে হলে Active Voice এর Object টি Passive Voice এ Subject হয়ে বসবে এবং Active Voice এর Subject টি Passive Voice এ Object হয়ে বসবে এবং তার পূর্বে by বসবে। Passive Voice এর Subject এর Person ও Number অনুযায়ী তার পরে Be Verb, am being / is being / are being এর যেকোন একটি বসবে। এবং Active Voice এর মূল Verb টি Passive Voice এ Past Participle রূপে বসবে।

গঠন প্রণালী : Active Voice এর Object + am being / is being / are being + মূল Verb এর Past Participle রূপ + by + Active Voice এর Subject.

যেমন :-

Active : We are eating mango.

Passive : Mango is being eaten by us.

Active : Mother is cooking rice.

Passive : Rice is being cooked by Mother.

Active : Ali is catching fish.

Passive : Fish is being caught by Ali.

Active : He is reading a book.

Passive : A book is being read by him.

Active : The teacher is teaching the Students.

Passive : The Students are being taught by the teacher.

Active : She is writing a letter.

Passive : A letter is being written by her.

Active : They are playing Cricket.

Passive : Cricket is being played by them.

Active : I am eating rice.

Passive : Rice is being eaten by me.

Active : They are reading English.

Passive : English is being read by them.

Active : They are doing the work.

Passive : The work is being done by them.

 

Past Continuous Tense

গঠন : Past Continuous Tense এ Active voice কে Passive Voice এ পরিবর্তন করতে হলে Active Voice এর Object টি Passive Voice এ Subject হয়ে বসবে এবং Active Voice এর Subject টি Passive Voice এ Object হয়ে বসবে এবং তার পূর্বে by বসবে। Passive Voice এর Subject এর Person ও Number অনুযায়ী তার পরে Be Verb, was being / were being এর যেকোন একটি বসবে। এবং Active Voice এর মূল Verb টি Passive Voice এ Past Participle রূপে বসবে।

গঠন প্রণালী : Active Voice এর Object + was being / were being + মূল Verb এর Past Participle রূপ + by + Active Voice এর Subject.

যেমন :-

Active : We were eating mango.

Passive : Mango was being eaten by us.

Active : Mother was cooking rice.

Passive : Rice was being cooked by Mother.

Active : Ali was catching fish.

Passive : Fish was being caught by Ali.

Active : He was reading a book.

Passive : A book was being read by him.

Active : The teacher was teaching the Students.

Passive : The Students were being taught by the teacher.

Active : She was writing a letter.

Passive : A letter was being written by her.

Active : They were playing Cricket.

Passive : Cricket was being played by them.

Active : I was eating rice.

Passive : Rice was being eaten by me.

Active : They were reading English.

Passive : English was being read by them.

Active : They were doing the work.

Passive : The work was being done by them.

 

Future Continuous Tense

গঠন : Future Continuous Tense এ Active voice কে Passive Voice এ পরিবর্তন করতে হলে Active Voice এর Object টি Passive Voice এ Subject হয়ে বসবে এবং Active Voice এর Subject টি Passive Voice এ Object হয়ে বসবে এবং তার পূর্বে by বসবে। Passive Voice এর Subject এর Person ও Number অনুযায়ী তার পরে Be Verb, shall be being / will be being এর যেকোন একটি বসবে। এবং Active Voice এর মূল Verb টি Passive Voice এ Past Participle রূপে বসবে।

গঠন প্রণালী : Active Voice এর Object + shall be being / will be being + মূল Verb এর Past Participle রূপ + by + Active Voice এর Subject.

যেমন :-

Active : We shall be eating mango.

Passive : Mango will be being eaten by us.

Active : Mother will be cooking rice.

Passive : Rice will be being cooked by Mother.

Active : Ali will be catching fish.

Passive : Fish will be being caught by Ali.

Active : He will be reading a book.

Passive : A book will be being read by him.

Active : The teacher will be teaching the Students.

Passive : The Students will be being taught by the teacher.

Active : She will be writing a letter.

Passive : A letter will be being written by her.

Active : They will be playing Cricket.

Passive : Cricket will be being played by them.

Active : I shall be eating rice.

Passive : Rice will be being eaten by me.

Active : They will be reading English.

Passive : English will be being read by them.

Active : They will be doing the work.

Passive : The work will be being done by them.

 

Present Perfect Tense

গঠন : Present Perfect Tense এ Active voice কে Passive Voice এ পরিবর্তন করতে হলে Active Voice এর Object টি Passive Voice এ Subject হয়ে বসবে এবং Active Voice এর Subject টি Passive Voice এ Object হয়ে বসবে এবং তার পূর্বে by বসবে। Passive Voice এর Subject এর Person ও Number অনুযায়ী তার পরে Be Verb, have been / has been এর যেকোন একটি বসবে। এবং Active Voice এর মূল Verb টি Passive Voice এ Past Participle রূপে বসবে।

গঠন প্রণালী : Active Voice এর Object + have been / has been + মূল Verb এর Past Participle রূপ + by + Active Voice এর Subject.

যেমন :-

Active : We have eaten mango.

Passive : Mango has been eaten by us.

Active : Mother has cooked rice.

Passive : Rice has been cooked by Mother.

Active : Ali has caught fish.

Passive : Fish has been caught by Ali.

Active : He has read a book.

Passive : A book has been read by him.

Active : The teacher has taught the Students.

Passive : The Students have been taught by the teacher.

Active : She has written a letter.

Passive : A letter has been written by her.

Active : They have played Cricket.

Passive : Cricket has been played by them.

Active : I have eaten rice.

Passive : Rice has been eaten by me.

Active : They have read English.

Passive : English has been read by them.

Active : They have done the work.

Passive : The work has been done by them.

 

Past Perfect Tense

গঠন : Past Perfect Tense এ Active voice কে Passive Voice এ পরিবর্তন করতে হলে Active Voice এর Object টি Passive Voice এ Subject হয়ে বসবে এবং Active Voice এর Subject টি Passive Voice এ Object হয়ে বসবে এবং তার পূর্বে by বসবে। Passive Voice এর Subject এর পরে Be Verb, had been বসবে। এবং Active Voice এর মূল Verb টি Passive Voice এ Past Participle রূপে বসবে।

গঠন প্রণালী : Active Voice এর Object + had been + মূল Verb এর Past Participle রূপ + by + Active Voice এর Subject.

যেমন :-

Active : We had eaten mango.

Passive : Mango had been eaten by us.

Active : Mother had cooked rice.

Passive : Rice had been cooked by Mother.

Active : Ali had caught fish.

Passive : Fish had been caught by Ali.

Active : He had read a book.

Passive : A book had been read by him.

Active : The teacher had taught the Students.

Passive : The Students had been taught by the teacher.

Active : She had written a letter.

Passive : A letter had been written by her.

Active : They had played Cricket.

Passive : Cricket had been played by them.

Active : I had eaten rice.

Passive : Rice had been eaten by me.

Active : They had read English.

Passive : English had been read by them.

Active : They had done the work.

Passive : The work had been done by them.

 

Future Perfect Tense

গঠন : Future Perfect Tense এ Active voice কে Passive Voice এ পরিবর্তন করতে হলে Active Voice এর Object টি Passive Voice এ Subject হয়ে বসবে এবং Active Voice এর Subject টি Passive Voice এ Object হয়ে বসবে এবং তার পূর্বে by বসবে। Passive Voice এর Subject এর Person ও Number অনুযায়ী তার পরে Be Verb,shall have been /will have been এর যেকোন একটি বসবে। এবং Active Voice এর মূল Verb টি Passive Voice এ Past Participle রূপে বসবে।

গঠন প্রণালী : Active Voice এর Object +shall have been / will have been+ মূল Verb এর Past Participle রূপ + by + Active Voice এর Subject.

যেমন :-

Active : We shall have eaten mango.

Passive : Mango will have been eaten by us.

Active : Mother will have cooked rice.

Passive : Rice will have been cooked by Mother.

Active : Ali will have caught fish.

Passive : Fish will have been caught by Ali.

Active : He will have read a book.

Passive : A book will have been read by him.

Active : The teacher will have taught the Students.

Passive : The Students will have been taught by the teacher.

Active : She will have written a letter.

Passive : A letter will have been written by her.

Active : They will have played Cricket.

Passive : Cricket will have been played by them.

Active : I shall have eaten rice.

Passive : Rice will have been eaten by me.

Active : They will have read English.

Passive : English will have been read by them.

Active : They will have done the work.

Passive : The work will have been done by them.

Content added By
He is called a fool.
He is called as a fool
He has called a fool.
He was called a fool.
Abird was seen flying in the sky by me.
The sky was seen flying a bird by me
A bird were seen flying a bird by me
The sky were seen flying a bird by me
One must obey his advice
We must obeyed his advice
One may obey his advice
We must be obeyed by his advice
Some foods are let to have by me
Let some foods had by me
Let some foods have been had by me
Let some foods be had by me
A bird was seen flying in the sky by me
The sky was seen flying a bird in by me
A bird were seen flying in the sky by me
The sky were seen flying a bird by me

1. Active Voice( কর্তৃবাচ্য ): কোন Sentence এ যদি Subject সক্রিয় হয়ে কোন কাজ সম্পাদন করে তখন তাকে Active Voice বলে ।

যেমন :

I eat rice.

He writes a letter.

Fateha reads a book.

We are playing football.

Content added By
The stranger deceives me
The stranger has deceived me
THe stranger deceived me
THe stranger had deceived me
Guests will wear evening dress
Guests will be worn evening dress
Guests will worn evening dress
None of the above
Someone burnt the ship.
Fire burnt the ship.
Fire burns the ship.
Someone burnt the ship.
The stranger deceives me
The stranger has deceived me
The stranger decived me
The stranger had deceived me
I have loss my pen
I have losted my pen
I had losted my pen
I have lost my pen

2. Passive Voice( কর্মবাচ্য ): কোন Sentence এ যদি Subject কে দিয়ে কোন কাজ করানো হয় বুঝায় তখন তাকে Passive Voice বলে ।

যেমন :

Rice Is eaten by me.

A letter is written by him.

A book is read by Fateha.

Football is being played by us.

Content added By
He was shocked by the news
He was shocked to the news
He is shocked to hear the news
He was shocked at the news
People call the lion the king of beasts
The lion calls the king of beasts
Someone call the lion the king of beasts
Everyone call the lion the king of beasts
He has already been told by someone to report for duty at six.
Someone has already been told by him to report for duty at six.
To report for duty at six has already been told by someone for him.
All of the above.
I was made drive his car by him.
I was made to drive his car by him.
I ws made driven his car by him.
I am made to drive his car by him
A car is going to be bought by me.
A car is being gone to buy me.
A car is being gone to be bought by me.
A car is being going to be bought by me.

Degree of Comparison

দোষ, গুণ বা অবস্থার তারতম্য বুঝাতে Adjective-এর যে রূপান্তর হয় তাকে Comparison of Adjectives অথবা Degree of Comparison বলে । Degree তিন প্রকার। 

1, Positive Degree, যা কোনো তুলনা না বুঝিয়ে সাধারণভাবে দোষ, গুণ বা অবস্থা প্রকাশ করে। যেমন Good, beautiful 

2. Comparative Degree দ্বারা দুয়ের মধ্যে তুলনা বুঝানো হয়। যেমন— better, more beautiful 

3. Superlative Degree দ্বারা দুয়ের অধিক ব্যক্তি/বস্তুর তুলনা করে দোষ, গুণ বা অবস্থার সর্বোচ্চ সীমাকে বোঝায়। যেমন— Best, most beautiful । 

কিছু কিছু Adjective আছে যাদের Comparison হয় না। আবার কিছু কিছু আছে সেগুলো Degree করার কিছু নিয়ম আছে, সেগুলো Degree করার পর ভিন্ন রূপ ধারণ করে। যেমন— Perfect শব্দটির degree হয় না। অন্যদিকে good শব্দটি degree করার পর ভিন্ন রূপ better bent ধারণ করে।

 

1. Positive Degree-এর ক্ষেত্রে দুই ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুর মধ্যে সাদৃশ্য বুঝাতে হ্যাঁ-বোধক বাক্যে as........as এবং বৈসাদৃশ্য (অমিল) বুঝাতে না-বোধক বাক্যে so/as....... as ব্যবহৃত হয়।

Babu is as tall as his brother. 

 

2. As.....…as, so.....…as-এর পর pronoun আসলে Informal English-এ Objective pronoun হয়। কিন্তু Formal English-এ  Subjective form হয়।

যদি দুটি উত্তরই দেয়া থাকে তাহলে Subjective form নির্বাচন করাই শ্রেয়।

Rahim is as tall as I. 

 

3. সাধারণত এক Syllable বিশিষ্ট Adjective-এর শেষে er যোগ করে এবং দুই বা ততোধিক Syllable যুক্ত Adjective-এর আগে more যুক্ত করে Comparative degree তৈরি করা হয়। Comparative-এর পর than বসে এবং এর পর Pronoun-এর Nominative (Subjective) form বসে।

 Your book is finer than this. 


4. Comparative-এর পূর্বে সাধারণত the বসে না। কিন্তু দুটি ব্যক্তি/বস্তুর তুলনা করতে two শব্দটি উল্লেখ থাকলে Comparative Adjective-এর পূর্বে the বসে।

 

 5. একই ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুর বিভিন্ন গুণের তুলনা করতে ১ম গুণ তথা adjective-এর পূর্বে সর্বদা more বসে । কখনই adjectiveটির সাথে er/ r যোগ হয় না। 

He is more good than bad. 

 

 6.. সমানুপাতিক বৃদ্ধি বা হ্রাস প্রকাশ করতে the + comparative degree…..+ the +comparative degree….এই Structureটি ব্যবহৃত হয়।

The more you read, the more you learn.

 

7. Prefer, Preferable: Prefer এর পর একটি মাত্র  Verb আসলে infinitive হয়। যেমন— I prefer to do it. কিন্তু prefer-এর পর দুটি verb আসলে তাদের সাথে ing যুক্ত হয় এবং উভয় Verb-এর মাঝে to বসে। উল্লেখ্য, তুলনার সময় prefers preferable-এর পর than না বসে to বসে।

I prefer death to dishonour. 

 Death is preferable to dishonour. 

 

8. Prefer শব্দটি নিজেই Comparative অর্থ প্রকাশ করে। তাই এর আগে বা পরে more যোগ করার প্রয়োজন নেই।

 What do you prefer?

 

9. Very and Much : সাধারণত Positive Degree-এর পূর্বে Comparative Degree-এর পূর্বে much বসে।

-The question is very easy.

-The question is much easier.

 

10. Latin comparatives তথা senior, junior, inferior, superior, prior, ulterior, posterior ইত্যাদির পর than না বসে to বসে।

 

11. Less and Fewer: এ দুটিই comparative degree এবং এদের অর্থও এক। তবে less ব্যবহৃত হয় uncountable noun এর সাথে আর fewer ব্যবহৃত হয়

There were fewer guests than I expected.

 

12. কোনো বাক্যে as...... as ও comparative উভয়ই থাকলে প্রথমে as .... as এবং পরে Comparative বসে। 

 She was as pretty as if not prettier than any other girl at the party.

 

13. এক Syllable বিশিষ্ট adjective-এর সাথে est এবং দুই বা ততোধিক Syllable যুক্ত adjective-এর সাথে most যুক্ত করে superlative degree তৈরি করা হয়। Superlative degree-এর পূর্বে সর্বদা the বসে এবং পরে of বসে; পরে স্থান থাকলে তার আগে in বসে।

He is the happiest child of all. 

 

14. One of এর পর Noun Plural হয় ।

▸He is one of the rudest men I've ever met

 

15. Perfect, supreme, false, complete, unique, universal প্রভুটি শব্দ নিজেরাই  Superlative অর্থ প্রদান করে বলে এদের পূর্বে most বা অন্য কোনো qualifier বসে না।

This is a unique opportunity.


 

16. একই বাক্যে একই Noun কে গুণান্বিত করার জন্য একাধিক Adjective ব্যবহৃত হলে প্রত্যেকটির সাথেই degree of comparison ব্যবহার করতে হবে। 

Raju is more intelligent and taller than Rana.

My pen is superior to and costlier than yours.

 

17. ইংরেজিতে Double comparative বা Double superlative ব্যবহৃত হয় না। অর্থাৎ একই Adjective-এর সাথে একাধিক Comparative Superlative degree ব্যবহার করা যাবে না।

He is better today.

 

18. কিছু কিছু Adjectives আছে যাদের Comparative Superlative forms একটু ভিন্নরকম। এগুলো খুবই গুরুত্বপূর্ণ বিধায় মুখস্থ করে রাখা ভালো।

PositiveComparativeSuperlative
bad, evil, illworseworst
good, wellbetterbest
littlelessleast
much/manymoremost
foreformerforemost,first
hindhinderhindermost
latelaterlatest
latelatterlast
oldolder/elderoldest,eldest

 

19. কোনো Sentence-এ একই জাতীয় noun ভিন্ন কোনো noun-এর সাথে সম্পর্কযুক্ত হয়ে তাদের মধ্যে তুলনা করা হলে পূর্ববর্তী সমজাতীয় noun-এর পুনরাবৃত্তি না করে তার পরিবর্তে (singular/ uncountable noun হলে ) that of এবং plural those of বসে।

(i) The rice of Barisal is better than that of Dinajpur.

(ii) The roads of Dhaka are better than those of Khulna. 

 

20.  Older, elder, oldest, eldest:  এই শব্দগুলর অর্থ খুব কাছাকাছি হলেও পার্থক্য রয়েছে । একই পরিবারভুক্ত ব্যক্তিবর্গের ক্ষেত্রে elder/eldest ব্যবহার করা হয় এবং older/oldest ব্যবহার করা হয় অন্যান্য ক্ষেত্রে।

-Bablu is my elder brother.

-My eldest sister lives in Dhaka.

-Reza is the oldest man in our village.

Content added By
than that of his brother
than his brother
than those of his brother
None of the above

Positive degree:

যে adjective দ্বারা কোনো ব্যক্তি, কোনো বস্তু বা প্রাণির সাধারন গুণ বোঝায়, যা দ্বারা কারও সাথে তুলনা করা বোঝায় না, তাকে Positive degree বলে ।

Positive degree -এর  structure:

Subject + verb + article (a / an ) + adjective এর positive form + noun.

Subject + verb + adjective a positive form.

Example:

He is a smart boy.

The iron is expensive.

A tiger is a ferocious animal.

Degree পরিবর্তনের পূর্ব শর্ত, adjective এর তিনটি form সম্বন্ধে জানা।

Positive ComparativeSuperlative
Talltallertallest
Richricherrichest
Shortshortershortest
FatfatterFattest
Thinthinnerthinnest
Easyeasiereasiest
Gaygayergayest
Beautifulmore beautifulmost beautiful
Manymuchmore

 

Content added || updated By
Telephone calls are as cheaper as it.
Telephone calls are not as cheaper as it.
Telephone calls are cheaper as it.
Telephone calls are not as cheap as E-mail.

Comparative degree:

Adjective যখন দুইটি ব্যক্তি, বস্তু বা প্রাণীর মধ্যে তুলনা করা বোঝায়, তখন adjective এর যে form বা রূপটি ব্যবহার করা হয়, তাকে Comparative degree বলে।

Comparative degree এর  structure: 

Subject + verb + adjective a comparative form + than + noun

For example:

Rana is smarter than Rabbi. 

She is taller than her sister.

He is more outstanding than she. 

Content added By
He is intelligent that nay other boy in the class.
No other boy in the class is intelligent as like him
No other boy in the class is more intelligent than he is
He is at least more intelligent than any other by boy in the class

Superlative degree:

যখন দুই এর অধিক ব্যক্তি, বন্ধ বা প্রাণির মধ্যে তুলনা করা হয়, তখন adjective of form টি ব্যবহার করা হয়, তাকে Superlative degree বলে।

Superlative degree-এর   structure:

 Subject + verb + the+ adjective superlative form + preposition(in/of/among) +  noun.

For example:

She is the prettiest girl in the class.

Rita is the wisest among all the students. 

 

Degree পরিবর্তনের পূর্ব শর্ত, adjective এর তিনটি form সম্বন্ধে জানা।

Positive ComparativeSuperlative
Talltallertallest
Richricherrichest
Shortshortershortest
FatfatterFattest
Thinthinnerthinnest
Easyeasiereasiest
Gaygayergayest
Beautifulmore beautifulmost beautiful
Manymuchmore
Content added || updated By
The richest are the happiest men
The rich of the society are not more happier than others.
The richest are one of the happiest
The happiest are the rich of the society
The richest men of our society are not the happiest men
The Padma is the largest river in Bangladesh
No other river of Bangladesh is as large as the Padma
The Padma is largest river is Bangladesh
There is no river in Bangladesh like as Padma
Hira is not so tall as Panna
Saida is not beauiful as Sumaya
Very few subjects are so easy as this
Nurul is the best boy in the class

Narration

Narration আয়ত্ত করতে হলে প্রথমে Tense, modals, person, 5 kinds of sentences ইত্যাদি ভালোভাবে জানা প্রয়োজন। দ্বিতীয়ত, Direct থেকে Indirect Narration করার সময় যেসব verbs ও adverbs পরিবর্তিত হয় সেগুলো মুখস্থ করা বা মনে রাখা দরকার।

Tense পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম:

Direct narration-এর Reporting verb  যদি  Present বা Future Tense হয় তাহলে Reported speech-এ Tense-এর পরিবর্তন হয় না। 

Direct: He says, I am ill."

Indirect: He says that he is ill. 

Direct: Rana will say, 'I am sorry."

Indirect: Rana will say that he is sorry.

কিন্তু Reporting verb যদি Past tense-এর হয় তাহলে নিম্নোক্ত নিয়মে Reported speech-এর tense পরিবর্তিত হবে :

Direct-এ এই Tense থাকলেIndirect-এ এই Tense হবে
 1. Present Indefinite TensePast Indefinite Tense
2. Present Continuous Tense Past Continuous Tense
3. Present Perfect Tense Past Perfect Tense
4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense Past Perfect Continuous Tense
5. Past Indefinite Tense Past Perfect Tense
6. Past Continuous TensePast Perfect Continuous Tense

 

2. Words / phrases পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম : কিছু কিছু words/phrases আছে যেগুলো Direct থেকে Indirect করার পর পরিবর্তিত হয়। সেগুলোর একটি তালিকা দেয়া হলো :

 

Direct-এ এই শব্দগুচ্ছ থাকলে

Indirect-এ এই শব্দগুচ্ছ হয়

This — এটি/এটা/এইthat — এটি/এটা/ ঐ
These এগুলোthose ওগুলো
Now – এখনthen — তখন
Here — এখানেthere – সেখানে
Ago - আগেbefore – আগে
The same day – একই দিনthe following day / the next day পরের দিন
Hence – এখান থেকে।thence – সেখান থেকে
Hither – এদিকে -thither – সেদিকে
Thus – এভাবে so – তাই
Come আসাgo - যাওয়া
Tomorrow – আগামী কালthe next day পরের দিন
Yesterday — গতকাল the day before/the previous day আগের দিন
Tonight – আজ রাতেthat night — ঐ রাতে
Last night — গত রাতেthe night before / the previous night – আগের রাতে
Next week – পরবর্তী সপ্তাহেthe following week
Last week - গত সপ্তাহেthe previous week
Tomorrow morningthe next morning
Yesterday morningthe previous morning
Today – আজthat day — ঐ দিন

 

 

[বি.দ্র. It-এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হয় না। সেই সাথে ডান দিকের শব্দগুচ্ছ যদি Direct Narration-এ আসে তাহলে সেগুলোও পরিবর্তিত হবে না। যেমন— come থাকলে go হবে কিন্তু ২০ থাকলে go-ই হবে, come হবে না |

 

3. Assertive Sentence-এর  Narration: Reporting Verb say-এর পরিবর্তে tell বসে। তবে object না থাকলে say বহাল থাকে। Comma ও inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসে । Tense ও person যথানিয়মে পরিবর্তিত হবে।

Munna said to Zuhan, I shall come to you tomorrow'. It's indirect form is-

Munna told Zuhan that he would go to him the following day. 

 বি.দ্র. Reported speech-এর বাক্যটি যদি চিরন্তন সত্য (universal truth) হয় তাহলে তার পরিবর্তন হয় না।

 

3. Interrogative Sentence-এর   Narration: Reporting verb say-এর পরিবর্তে  ask/enquire of বসে। প্রশ্নবোধক বাক্যটিতে যদি Wh-question word না থাকে তাহলে comma উঠে if বা whether বসে। Wh-question word থাকলে তা অপরিবর্তিত থাকে। আর indirect করার পর বাক্যটি Assertive হয়ে যায়।

He asked me if I had passed 

 

4. Imperative Sentence -এর Narration: Reported Speech-এর  অর্থ ও ভাব অনুযায়ী say এর  পরিবর্তে   order, command, request, advise, beg, ask, tell ইত্যাদি বসে। হ্যাঁ-বোধক বাক্যের ক্ষেত্রে Comma ও Inverted comma উঠে to বসে এবং না-বোধক বাক্যের ক্ষেত্রে not to বসে। বাক্যে please থাকলে উঠে যায় বা তার পরিবর্তে kindly এবং sir এর পরিবর্তে respectfully ব্যবহৃত হয়।


I ordered to do it.

The man requested the officer to please to help him.

 

5. Let দ্বারা imperative sentence শুরু হলে এবং তা দ্বারা প্রস্তাব বোঝালে Say-এর পরিবর্তে propose বা suggest হয়, comma উঠে that বসে let উঠে subject-এর পর should বসে বাক্যটি Assertive হয়ে যায় । 

Direct: Rana said to me, 'Let us go home."

Indirect : Rana proposed to me that we should go home.

 

7. Let দ্বারা প্রস্তাব না বোঝালে Let-এর পরিবর্তে might বা might be allowed to বসে ।

Direct: The boy said,'Let me do it'. 

Indirect: The boy said that he might be allowed to do it.

 

8. Optative Sentence-এর  Narration: Reported speech-এর অর্থ ও ভাব  অনুযায়ী say-এর পরিবর্তে wish বা pray, comma উঠিয়ে that এবং subject-এর পর might বসিয়ে বাক্যটিকে Assertive করতে হয়।

Direct: The teacher said to me, 'May you pass the examination'.

Indirect:  The teacher wished that I might pass the examination. √

 

9. বাক্যে good morning/evening থাকলে say-এর পরিবর্তে wish এবং good bye/ good night থাকলে say-এর পরিবর্তে bid বসে। উল্লেখ্য, bid-এর past form হচ্ছে bade.

Direct: Raju said, 'Good morning, my friends

Indirect: Raju wished his friends good morning or Raju wished good morning to his friends.

10. Exclamatory Sentence-এর   Narration: Exclamatory sentence-এ আনন্দ বুঝালে Say-এর পরিবর্তে exclaim in বা with joy/delight/wonder, cry out in joy ইত্যাদি বসে; আর দুঃখ বোঝালে exclaim with sorrow grief ইত্যাদি বসে। কমা উঠিয়ে that বসে এবং alas, ah, hurrah, ইত্যাদি থাকলে তা বাদ দিয়ে বাক্যটিকে Assertive করতে হয়। What বা how দিয়ে বাক্য, শুরু হলে এদের পরিবর্তে noun-এর পূর্বে great এবং adjective-এর পূর্বে very বসে। 

Direct: He said, "Hurrah! We have won the game.

Indirect : He exclaimed with joy that they had won the game. 

Direct: He said, 'Alas! I am undone."

Indirect: He exclaimed with sorrow that he was undone.

 

11. Vocative Case- এর   Narration: Narration- এ কাউকে সম্বোধন করলে তাকে সম্ভব হলে object-এ নিয়ে আসা, তাকে বাদ দেয়া অথবা Addressing দিয়ে বাক্য শুরু করা যেতে পারে ।

Direct: He said, 'Friends, listen to me."

Indirect : Addressing them as his friends he requested them to listen to him.

Or, He requested his friends to listen to him.

12. Direct Narration- এর reporting verb-টি past tense-এ হওয়া সত্ত্বেও reported speech-it যদি চিরন্তন সত্য (universal truth), অভ্যাসগত কর্ম ( habitual fact), বৈজ্ঞানিক সত্য (scientific truth) হয় তাহলে indirect করার সময় reported speech- টির কোনো পরিবর্তন হবে না।

Direct: He said to me, "Regular exercise is good for health.

Indirect : He told me that regular exercise is good for health. 

13. Direct narration-এর  reported speech- এ fool/liar/coward ইত্যাদি থাকলে indirect  এ  পরিবর্তন করার সময় direct-এর reporting verb said- এর পরিবর্তে called বসে।

 যেমন— 

Indirect : Rafiq called me a liar.

Direct:  Rafiq said to me, “you are a liar”

Content added By
I said that it should be done
I said that let it be done
I said to do it
I ordered someone to do it
He asked me if I will go with him
He wanted to know if I will go with him
He asked me if I can go with him
He asked me if I would go with him
I said that it should be done.
I said that let it be done.
I said to do it.
I ordered to do it.
I told him let us played.
I suggested him play.
I suggested him playing.
I suggested him both of us should play.
she asked him what he wanted
she asked him what he wants
she asked him what he wants
she wanted him

Tag Question

Tag question-এ বক্তা এমন একটি বক্তব্য বা Statement প্রদান করেন যার সত্যতা সম্পর্কে তিনি পুরোপুরি নিশ্চিত নন। তাই তিনি সত্যতা যাচাইয়ের জন্য বক্তব্যের শেষে একটি প্রশ্ন জুড়ে দেন যা Tag question হিসেবে পরিচিত । বাক্যের Main clause-টি Tag question থেকে একটি কমার (,) মাধ্যমে আলাদা থাকে এবং সম্পূর্ণ বাক্যের শেষে সর্বদা প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন বসে। যেমন: You like mangoes, don't you? আর Positive statement হলে Tag হবে Negative এবং Negative statement হলে Tag হবে Positive |

1. Positive statement-এর Subject হিসেবে I এবং verb হিসেবে am থাকলে, Tag করার ক্ষেত্রে 'aren't' অথবা ain't ব্যবহার করা যায়।

যেমন-

I am going to fall in love aren't I/ain't I?

 

2. Positive statement-টি যদি মূল Verb দিয়ে শুরু হয় অথবা Let + Personal object দিয়ে শুরু হয় তাহলে Tag করার ক্ষেত্রে will you ব্যবহার করা যায়। কিন্তু Let us/Let's দিয়ে শুরু হওয়া বাক্যের ক্ষেত্রে 'Shall we' Tag question হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হবে।

যেমন-

Let's go to a picnic Shall we?

Give me one hundred taka, will you?

 

3. বাক্যের Main clause-এ ব্যবহৃত Auxiliary verb tag করার ক্ষেত্রে ব্যবহৃত হয়। আর যদি বাক্যে কোনো auxiliary verb না থাকে, তাহলে বাক্যের tense অনুযায়ী do, does বা did ব্যবহার করতে হয়। 

যেমন—

Kaiser Haq writes in English , doesn't he?

We have just answered your question, haven't we?? 

 

4. Sentence-এর শুরুতে There is, There are, It is ইত্যাদি থাকলে এবং তা যদি  Pseudo-subject-এর কাজ করে, তাহলে tag করার ক্ষেত্রে Subject pronoun হিসেবে There বা It ব্যবহৃত হয়। 

যেমন-

There has not been a great response to the sale, has there?

 

5. 'Have' ক্রিয়াটি বাক্যে main verb অথবা auxiliary verb হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে। বাক্যে যদি 'have' main verb হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়, তাহলে American English- do, does বা did দিয়ে  tag করতে হয় কিন্তু British English-এ have দিয়েই tag করা যায়। উল্লেখ্য যে, British rules-কে প্রাধান্য দেয়া হয়।

যেমন—

You have two children, haven't you (UK)?

 

6. Statement-এ  Subject হিসেবে যদি  everybody, everyone, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nobody, none, থাকে,তাহলে  tag করার সময় এদের Pronoun হিসেবে 'They' ব্যবহৃত হয় এবং everything something, anything, nothing থাকলে Pronoun হিসেবে It ব্যবহৃত হয়। এছাড়া কিছু negative word - none, nothing, hardly, seldom, scarcely ইত্যাদি Statement-এ use হলে Statement-টিকে Negative ধরে Positive tag ব্যবহার করতে হবে।

যেমন—

→Everybody likes flowers, don't they?

→Something is better than nothing, isn't it?

→Nothing is impossible, is it?

Content added By
Please, contribute to add content into Affirmative Sentence.
Content
Content added By
Rabindranath was not on poet but also a philosophers
Rabindranath was a poet and philosopher
Rahindranath was both a poet and a philosopher
Rabindranath was a poet and also a philosopher
We had no memory of his name
Time erased his name from our minds
Forgefulness surrounded his name from our minds
We forget his name
Everybody should deny that truth
All should accept the truth
Anybody should deny the truth
Everybody should admit the truth
One student as absent
One student was always absent
Only the student was absent
Only the student was always absent

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