▪️ JOHANNESBURG (Reuters)– Nelson Mandela guided South Africa from the shackles of apartheid to a multi-racial democracy, as an icon of peace and reconciliation who came to embody the struggle for justice around the world. Imprisoned for nearly three decades for his fight aganist white minority rule, Mandela never lost his resolve to fight for his people's emancipation. He was determined to bring down apartheid while avoiding a civil war. His prestige and charisma helped him win the support of the world.
▪️"I hate race discrimination most intensely and in all its manifestations. I have fought it all during my life. I will fight it now, and will do so until the end of 1 my days, "Mandela said in his acceptance speech on becoming South Africa's first black president in 1994, ... "The time for the healing of the wounds has come. The moment to bridge the chasms that divide us has come."
"We have, at last, achieved our political emancipation."
▪️In 1993, Mandela was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, an honour he shared with F. W. De Klerk, the white African leader who had freed him from prison three years earlier and negotiated the end of apartheid. Mandela went on to play a prominent role on the world stage as an advocate of human dignity in the face of challenges ranging from political repression to AIDS. He formally left pubilc life in June 2004 before his 86th birthday, telling his adoring countrymen. "Don't call me. I'll call you." But he remained one of the world's most revered public figures, combining celebrity sparkle with an unwavering message of freedom, respect and human rights.
▪️"He is at the epicenter of our time, ours in South Africa, and yours, wherever you are." Nadine Gordimer, the South African writer and Nobel Laureate for Literature, once remarked.
The years Mandela spent behind bars made him the world's most clebrated political prisoner and leader of mythic stature for millions of black South Africans and other oppressed people far beyond his country's borders.
▪️Charged with capital offences in the 1963 Rivonia Trial, his statement from the dock was his political testimony.
"During my lifetime I have dedicated myself to this struggle of the African people. I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination." "I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities," he told the court.
"It is an ideal I hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die."
Race discrimination refers to-
During my lifetime, I have dedicated myself to this struggle of the African people.
Word কাকে বলে?
A word is a letter or a group of letters that have meaning when spoken or written. It’s a speech sound or combination of sounds that may consist of a single morpheme or a combination of morphemes. Words may be classified according to their meanings, uses, and actions, but it is very tough to define exactly.
Word বা শব্দ হচ্ছে ব্যক্ত বা লিখিত বর্ণ বা বর্ণ সমষ্টি যার একটা নির্দিষ্ট অর্থ আছে।
Morphemes are the smallest grammatical meaningful units in a language. In the field of linguistic study, the branch that studies the structures of a word is called morphology, and the branch that studies the meanings of the word is called lexical semantics.
কোন ভাষা শিক্ষার ক্ষেত্রে, ভাষার যে শাখা শব্দের গঠন নিয়ে আলোচনা করে তাকেই Morphology বলে। এবং যে শাখা শব্দের অর্থ নিয়ে কাজ করে তাকে lexical semantics বলে।
উদাহরণ:
- Good (ভালো)
- Look (দেখা)
- Come (আসা)
The words mentioned above provide meanings. So, they are examples of the word.
উপরের শব্দগুলো একটি নির্দিষ্ট অর্থ প্রকাশ করে, তাই তারা প্রতিটি একেকটি শব্দ।
পরিপূর্ণ অর্থবোধক শব্দ হওয়ার নিয়ম (Word Criteria)
একটা পরিপূর্ণ অর্থবোধক শব্দ হওয়ার জন্য কিছু নিয়ম অনুসরণ করতে হয়। সেগুলো হচ্ছেঃ
1. প্রত্যেকটা শব্দেরই একটা অর্থ থাকতে হবে। এখানে “halalization’ শব্দটির কোন অর্থ নেই ইংরেজী ভাষায়। তাই এটি শব্দের আওতাভূক্ত হবে না।
Every word must have a meaning. The word ‘halalization’ doesn’t have any exact meaning in English language, so it cannot be a word.
2. প্রত্যেকটা শব্দেরই একটা root বা মূল শব্দ থাকে যা থেকে আরও অনেক নতুন শব্দ তৈরী হয়। যদি কোন কারণে ঐ root শব্দটি ভেঙে ফেলা হয় তাহলে সেটি কোনভাবেই আর একটি অর্থবোধক শব্দ থাকেনা। যেমন, এখানে দেখানো হয়েছে যে, happy একটি ইংরেজী শব্দ। এর আগে un যুক্ত হয়ে unhappy শব্দটি তৈরি করে।
Every word has a root. From this root, many new words can be created. If somehow, the root is broken, it will not be a word anymore. For example, say there is a word ‘unhappy’. The root is ‘happy’. A new word is created by adding ‘un’. If the root word happy is broken, it is not a valid word anymore.
3. দুটি শব্দ একত্রে উচ্চারণ করার জন্যে শব্দ দুটির মাঝে একটু থামতে হয় এবং লেখার সময় সঠিক জায়গায় সঠিকভাবে space দিতে হয়। ধরা যাক, sky এবং blue দুটি ইংরেজি শব্দ। আমরা যদি তাদেরকে উচ্চারণ করতে চাই তাহলে প্রত্যেকটা শব্দ বলার পর একটু থামতে হবে। লিখতে গেলে দুইটা শব্দের মাঝখানে একটা space দিতে হবে।
A necessary pause during speaking and an effective space during writing between two or more words are a must. For example, suppose ‘sky’ and ‘blue’ are two words. If we want to pronounce them, we need a potential pause after pronouncing each of them. So, it should be like that “blue” “sky”, not “bluesky” and if we want to use them in a sentence, we must put a space after writing each of the words like “blue sky.”
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