It is true that electronics developed from the study of electricity. Early ideas about the way electric current could flow through conductors and through a vacuum led to the development of useful radio systems and telephones. It was possible to send messages with what was, by today's standards, incredibly simple and crude equipment. The Second World War provided an urgent requirement for more 2 sophisticated communication and other electronic systems. The invention of radar required a big step forward in theory and even bigger step forward in engineering. The study of electronics gradually became an important study in its own right, and the radio engineer became a specialized technician The post-war development of television led to one of the most massive social changes that have ever taken place: many households became the owners of televisions, as well as radios and record players. In some branches of industry, electronic systems were regarded as useful, but electronic systems not directly concerned with wireless or television were still unusual. Only in the early 1960s did electronics technology really come of age', thanks to the work of three scientists working in the Bell Laboratories in the USA: Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley. In 1957 they assembled the first working transistor