Narration Narration āĻāϝāĻŧāϤā§āϤ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāϞ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽā§ Tense, modals, person, 5 kinds of sentences āĻāϤā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāϞā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻžāύāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻāύāĨ¤ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤā§āϝāĻŧāϤ, Direct āĻĨā§āĻā§ Indirect Narration āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϝā§āϏāĻŦ verbs āĻ adverbs āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āϏā§āĻā§āϞ⧠āĻŽā§āĻāϏā§āĻĨ āĻāϰāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻŽāύ⧠āϰāĻžāĻāĻž āĻĻāϰāĻāĻžāϰāĨ¤
Tense āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāύā§āϰ āύāĻŋā§āĻŽ:
Direct narration-āĻāϰ Reporting verb āϝāĻĻāĻŋ Present āĻŦāĻž Future Tense āĻšāϝāĻŧ āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠Reported speech-āĻ Tense-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāύ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āύāĻžāĨ¤
Direct: He says, I am ill."
Indirect: He says that he is ill.
Direct: Rana will say, 'I am sorry."
Indirect: Rana will say that he is sorry.
āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠Reporting verb āϝāĻĻāĻŋ Past tense-āĻāϰ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠āύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύā§āĻā§āϤ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽā§ Reported speech-āĻāϰ tense āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāĻŋāϤ āĻšāĻŦā§ :
Direct-āĻ āĻāĻ Tense āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠Indirect-āĻ āĻāĻ Tense āĻšāĻŦā§ 1. Present Indefinite Tense Past Indefinite Tense 2. Present Continuous Tense Past Continuous Tense 3. Present Perfect Tense Past Perfect Tense 4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense Past Perfect Continuous Tense 5. Past Indefinite Tense Past Perfect Tense 6. Past Continuous Tense Past Perfect Continuous Tense
2. Words / phrases āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāύā§āϰ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽ : āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ words/phrases āĻāĻā§ āϝā§āĻā§āϞ⧠Direct āĻĨā§āĻā§ Indirect āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϏā§āĻā§āϞā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϤāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻĻā§āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻšāϞ⧠:
Direct-āĻ āĻāĻ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻā§āĻā§āĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠Indirect-āĻ āĻāĻ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻā§āĻā§āĻ āĻšāϝāĻŧ This â āĻāĻāĻŋ/āĻāĻāĻž/āĻāĻ that â āĻāĻāĻŋ/āĻāĻāĻž/ āĻ These āĻāĻā§āϞ⧠those āĻāĻā§āϞ⧠Now â āĻāĻāύ then â āϤāĻāύ Here â āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠there â āϏā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠Ago - āĻāĻā§ before â āĻāĻā§ The same day â āĻāĻāĻ āĻĻāĻŋāύ the following day / the next day āĻĒāϰā§āϰ āĻĻāĻŋāύ Hence â āĻāĻāĻžāύ āĻĨā§āĻā§āĨ¤ thence â āϏā§āĻāĻžāύ āĻĨā§āĻā§ Hither â āĻāĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ - thither â āϏā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ Thus â āĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ so â āϤāĻžāĻ Come āĻāϏāĻž go - āϝāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž Tomorrow â āĻāĻāĻžāĻŽā§ āĻāĻžāϞ the next day āĻĒāϰā§āϰ āĻĻāĻŋāύ Yesterday â āĻāϤāĻāĻžāϞ the day before/the previous day āĻāĻā§āϰ āĻĻāĻŋāύ Tonight â āĻāĻ āϰāĻžāϤ⧠that night â āĻ āϰāĻžāϤ⧠Last night â āĻāϤ āϰāĻžāϤ⧠the night before / the previous night â āĻāĻā§āϰ āϰāĻžāϤ⧠Next week â āĻĒāϰāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠āϏāĻĒā§āϤāĻžāĻšā§ the following week Last week - āĻāϤ āϏāĻĒā§āϤāĻžāĻšā§ the previous week Tomorrow morning the next morning Yesterday morning the previous morning Today â āĻāĻ that day â āĻ āĻĻāĻŋāύ
[āĻŦāĻŋ.āĻĻā§āϰ. It-āĻāϰ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāύ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āϏā§āĻ āϏāĻžāĻĨā§ āĻĄāĻžāύ āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§āϰ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻā§āĻā§āĻ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ Direct Narration-āĻ āĻāϏ⧠āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠āϏā§āĻā§āϞā§āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāĻŋāϤ āĻšāĻŦā§ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āϝā§āĻŽāύâ come āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠go āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠⧍ā§Ļ āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠go-āĻ āĻšāĻŦā§, come āĻšāĻŦā§ āύāĻž |
3. Assertive Sentence-āĻāϰ Narration: Reporting Verb say-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠tell āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻŦā§ object āύāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠say āĻŦāĻšāĻžāϞ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤ Comma āĻ inverted comma āĻāĻ ā§ āĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ that āĻŦāϏ⧠āĨ¤ Tense āĻ person āϝāĻĨāĻžāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽā§ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāĻŋāϤ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Munna said to Zuhan, I shall come to you tomorrow'. It's indirect form is-
Munna told Zuhan that he would go to him the following day.
āĻŦāĻŋ.āĻĻā§āϰ. Reported speech-āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻāĻŋ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŋāϰāύā§āϤāύ āϏāϤā§āϝ (universal truth) āĻšāϝāĻŧ āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāύ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āύāĻžāĨ¤
3. Interrogative Sentence-āĻāϰ Narration: Reporting verb say-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠ask/enquire of āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāĻŦā§āϧāĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻāĻŋāϤ⧠āϝāĻĻāĻŋ Wh-question word āύāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠comma āĻāĻ ā§ if āĻŦāĻž whether āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ Wh-question word āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠āϤāĻž āĻ
āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāĻŋāϤ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāϰ indirect āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻāĻŋ Assertive āĻšāϝāĻŧā§ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
He asked me if I had passed
4. Imperative Sentence -āĻāϰ Narration: Reported Speech-āĻāϰ āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ āĻ āĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻ
āύā§āϝāĻžā§ā§ say āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠order, command, request, advise, beg, ask, tell āĻāϤā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ āĻšā§āϝāĻžāĻ-āĻŦā§āϧāĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠Comma āĻ Inverted comma āĻāĻ ā§ to āĻŦāϏ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻ āύāĻž-āĻŦā§āϧāĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠not to āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ⧠please āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠āĻāĻ ā§ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻž āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠kindly āĻāĻŦāĻ sir āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠respectfully āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
I ordered to do it.
The man requested the officer to please to help him.
5. Let āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž imperative sentence āĻļā§āϰ⧠āĻšāϞ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻ āϤāĻž āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϏā§āϤāĻžāĻŦ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϞ⧠Say-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠propose āĻŦāĻž suggest āĻšāϝāĻŧ, comma āĻāĻ ā§ that āĻŦāϏ⧠let āĻāĻ ā§ subject-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ should āĻŦāϏ⧠āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻāĻŋ Assertive āĻšāϝāĻŧā§ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĨ¤
Direct: Rana said to me, 'Let us go home."
Indirect : Rana proposed to me that we should go home.
7. Let āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϏā§āϤāĻžāĻŦ āύāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϞ⧠Let-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠might āĻŦāĻž might be allowed to āĻŦāϏ⧠āĨ¤
Direct: The boy said,'Let me do it'.
Indirect: The boy said that he might be allowed to do it.
8. Optative Sentence-āĻāϰ Narration: Reported speech-āĻāϰ āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ āĻ āĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻ
āύā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ say-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠wish āĻŦāĻž pray, comma āĻāĻ āĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ that āĻāĻŦāĻ subject-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ might āĻŦāϏāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻāĻŋāĻā§ Assertive āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
Direct: The teacher said to me, 'May you pass the examination'.
Indirect: The teacher wished that I might pass the examination. â
9. āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ⧠good morning/evening āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠say-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠wish āĻāĻŦāĻ good bye/ good night āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠say-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠bid āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻā§āϝ, bid-āĻāϰ past form āĻšāĻā§āĻā§ bade.
Direct: Raju said, 'Good morning, my friends
Indirect: Raju wished his friends good morning or Raju wished good morning to his friends.
10. Exclamatory Sentence-āĻāϰ Narration: Exclamatory sentence-āĻ āĻāύāύā§āĻĻ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϞ⧠Say-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠exclaim in āĻŦāĻž with joy/delight/wonder, cry out in joy āĻāϤā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ āĻŦāϏā§; āĻāϰ āĻĻā§āĻāĻ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϞ⧠exclaim with sorrow grief āĻāϤā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻŽāĻž āĻāĻ āĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ that āĻŦāϏ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻ alas, ah, hurrah, āĻāϤā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠āϤāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻāĻŋāĻā§ Assertive āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ What āĻŦāĻž how āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ, āĻļā§āϰ⧠āĻšāϞ⧠āĻāĻĻā§āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠noun-āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŦā§ great āĻāĻŦāĻ adjective-āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŦā§ very āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
Direct: He said, "Hurrah! We have won the game.
Indirect : He exclaimed with joy that they had won the game.
Direct: He said, 'Alas! I am undone."
Indirect: He exclaimed with sorrow that he was undone.
11. Vocative Case- āĻāϰ Narration: Narration- āĻ āĻāĻžāĻāĻā§ āϏāĻŽā§āĻŦā§āϧāύ āĻāϰāϞ⧠āϤāĻžāĻā§ āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻŦ āĻšāϞ⧠object-āĻ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāϏāĻž, āϤāĻžāĻā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻĻā§āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻ
āĻĨāĻŦāĻž Addressing āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ āĻļā§āϰ⧠āĻāϰāĻž āϝā§āϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧠āĨ¤
Direct: He said, 'Friends, listen to me."
Indirect : Addressing them as his friends he requested them to listen to him.
Or, He requested his friends to listen to him.
12. Direct Narration- āĻāϰ reporting verb-āĻāĻŋ past tense-āĻ āĻšāĻā§āĻž āϏāϤā§āϤā§āĻŦā§āĻ reported speech-it āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŋāϰāύā§āϤāύ āϏāϤā§āϝ (universal truth), āĻ
āĻā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻāϤ āĻāϰā§āĻŽ ( habitual fact), āĻŦā§āĻā§āĻāĻžāύāĻŋāĻ āϏāϤā§āϝ (scientific truth) āĻšāϝāĻŧ āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠indirect āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ reported speech- āĻāĻŋāϰ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāύ āĻšāĻŦā§ āύāĻžāĨ¤
Direct: He said to me, "Regular exercise is good for health.
Indirect : He told me that regular exercise is good for health.
13. Direct narration-āĻāϰ reported speech- āĻ fool/liar/coward āĻāϤā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠indirect āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāύ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ direct-āĻāϰ reporting verb said- āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠called āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
āϝā§āĻŽāύâ
Indirect : Rafiq called me a liar.
Direct: Rafiq said to me, âyou are a liarâ