Choose the correct option from the parentheses in each sentence and write only the correct answer.

In this sentence, the two clauses connected by the semicolon express contrasting ideas. The first clause states that "The findings of this research support the first hypothesis," implying a positive outcome for that hypothesis. However, the second clause, "they contradict the second," indicates a negative or opposing outcome for the second hypothesis.

Therefore, a conjunctive adverb that signals a contrast or opposition between the two independent clauses is required. "However" serves this purpose perfectly, indicating that despite supporting the first hypothesis, there is a contradictory finding regarding the second.

"Similarly," on the other hand, is used to show likeness, resemblance, or to introduce a comparable idea. If the second clause were, for example, "similarly, they also support a related third hypothesis," then "similarly" would be appropriate. Since the relationship is one of contradiction, "however" is the correct choice.

Collective nouns (such as committee, jury, team, family, government, audience) can take either a singular or a plural verb depending on the context.

If the collective noun refers to the group acting as a single, cohesive unit, a singular verb is used. For example: "The committee has decided to approve the proposal." (Here, the committee acts unanimously).

However, if the members of the collective noun are acting as individuals, expressing different opinions, or are divided, a plural verb is used. In the sentence, "The committee (is/are) divided in their opinions...", the word "divided" explicitly indicates that the members are not acting as a single unit but rather as individuals with differing viewpoints. Therefore, the plural verb "are" is the correct choice.

The correct option is be because the sentence uses the subjunctive mood. The subjunctive mood is employed in clauses following verbs that express demands, recommendations, suggestions, wishes, or urgency.

In this sentence, the verb "demanded" signals a requirement or instruction, which necessitates the use of the subjunctive mood in the subordinate clause ("that every project proposal..."). For the verb "to be" in the present subjunctive, the form is always "be" for all subjects, regardless of number or person (e.g., "I be," "he be," "they be").

Examples of verbs that trigger the subjunctive mood:

    
• demand
    
• suggest
    
• recommend
    
• insist
    
• propose
    
• request
    
• advise

The structure typically follows: Subject + verb of demand/suggestion + that + another subject + base form of the verb (without 's' or 'es' even for third person singular, and 'be' for 'to be').

The verb "expect" is commonly followed by an infinitive clause (to + verb) when referring to an anticipated event or outcome. When the subject of the infinitive clause is different from the subject of the main verb, and the action described by the infinitive is passive (i.e., the subject of the infinitive receives the action), the structure used is:

Subject + expect(s) + Object + to be + Past Participle

In the sentence, "The supervisor expects the thesis (to be submitted/ being submitted) by next week":

    
• "The supervisor" is the subject who expects.
    
• "the thesis" is the object of "expects" and the entity that will undergo the action of "submitting."
    
• Since the thesis does not submit itself, it must be submitted by someone else, requiring a passive voice construction for the infinitive.
    
• Therefore, "to be submitted" is the correct passive infinitive form, indicating that the action of submitting will be performed on the thesis.

The option "being submitted" would typically be used in a continuous passive construction (e.g., "The thesis is currently being submitted") or as a gerund phrase, neither of which fits the grammatical pattern required after "expect" in this context.

The correct preposition to use with 'account' in the context of explaining or considering something is 'for'. The phrasal verb 'account for' means to explain, justify, or be responsible for something, or to take something into consideration. In the given sentence, 'it does not account for the socio-economic variables' means that the theory does not explain or consider these variables.

Using 'account on' in this context is grammatically incorrect. While 'count on' means to rely on, 'account on' is not a standard phrasal verb with a similar meaning of explanation or consideration.

In this sentence, two actions occurred in the past: the lecture ending and the students leaving. The phrase "By the time the lecture ended" indicates that the action of students leaving was completed before or at the moment the lecture concluded.

When describing two past actions, and one action was completed before the other, we use the Past Perfect tense (had + past participle) for the earlier action and the Simple Past tense for the later action.

Here, the students leaving the auditorium happened before the lecture officially ended. Therefore, "had left" (Past Perfect) correctly conveys the action that was completed first, while "the lecture ended" (Simple Past) describes the subsequent or concurrent past event.

The correct option is in addition.

The phrase "in addition" is used to introduce an extra piece of information or another point that supports or extends the previous statement. It implies that the second idea is cumulative or complementary to the first.

On the other hand, "on the contrary" is used to introduce a statement that is the opposite of what has just been said, or to strongly emphasize a direct contrast or contradiction.

In the given sentence, "The author challenges traditional methods; (in addition/ on the contrary), she proposes an alternative framework," the author first challenges existing methods. Subsequently, she proposes an alternative framework. Proposing an alternative is not a contradictory action to challenging something; rather, it is a logical or supplementary step. One often challenges an existing system and, in addition, offers a new solution or framework. Thus, "in addition" correctly connects these two related actions, indicating that proposing an alternative framework is a further action complementing her challenge.

The correct option is "has expressed".

In English grammar, when the phrase "more than one" is used, the verb that follows must be singular. Although "more than one student" conceptually refers to multiple students, the grammatical structure treats "one" as the subject for the purpose of verb agreement. Therefore, it requires a singular verb.

Example: More than one person was late for the meeting.

The correct option is "knew" because the phrase "as though" (meaning "as if") is used to describe an unreal or hypothetical situation. When the main clause verb ("acted") is in the past tense, the verb in the "as though" clause typically uses the past subjunctive to express a present or past unreality.

Here's a breakdown:

    
• "As though" or "as if" introduces a clause that expresses an imagined or untrue condition.
    
• When the main verb is in the past tense (e.g., "acted"), the verb in the "as though" clause should also be in a past form to maintain the sequence of tenses and indicate the hypothetical nature.
    
• "Knew" is the simple past form, which functions as the past subjunctive in this context, indicating that her knowledge of the outcome was a hypothetical or unreal situation at the time she acted. If the hypothetical action in the "as though" clause had occurred even earlier than the main verb, the past perfect subjunctive ("had known") would be used.

For example:

    
• She acts as though she knows the answer. (Main verb present, hypothetical present)
    
• She acted as though she knew the answer. (Main verb past, hypothetical past/present unreality)
    
• He talked as if he had seen a ghost. (Main verb past, hypothetical action in the past perfect)