1k

āĻ…āύ⧁āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ…āϤāĻŋ āϏ⧂āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻŽ āĻ“ āϜāϟāĻŋāϞ āĻŦāĻŋāώ⧟āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ, āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧋āĻĒ⧁āϰāĻŋ āĻ†ā§ŸāĻ¤ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāχ āϕ⧇āĻŦāϞ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇ āĻšāĻžāϤ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦāĨ¤ āϤāĻŦ⧇ āĻ¨ā§āϝ⧂āύāϤāĻŽ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžāĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ āϝāĻžāϚāĻžāĻ‡ā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϝ⧋āĻ—āĻŋāϤāĻžāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻžā§Ÿ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻšā§āϞ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽāĨ¤ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύāϤ āĻĻ⧁āχ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ ā§§. āφāĻ•ā§āώāϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āύ⧁āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻ“ ⧍. āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻžāύ⧁āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĨ¤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āφāĻ•ā§āώāϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āύ⧁āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ āĻœā§‹āϰ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĻž āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“ āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻžāύ⧁āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϝ⧋āĻœā§āϝ āϏ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āφāĻ•ā§āώāϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āύ⧁āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϰ⧀āϤāĻŋāĻŽāϤ⧋ āĻŦ⧇āĻŽāĻžāύāĻžāύ āĻ“ āĻšāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻ•āϰāĨ¤ āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ- That's a long story- 'āϏ⧇āϟāĻž āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘ āĻ—āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ' āĻāχ āφāĻ•ā§āώāϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āύ⧁āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻšā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻžāύ⧁āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ 'āϏ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āĻ•āĻĨāĻž' āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻŦāϞ⧀āϞ āĻ“ āĻļā§āϰ⧁āϤāĻŋāĻŽāϧ⧁āϰāĨ¤ āϤ⧇āĻŽāύāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āϏāĻŽā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧇ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤāĨ¤ Passage Translation-āĻāϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāώāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āϜāĻžāύāĻž āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻŦāĻļā§āϝāĻ•āĨ¤

āĻ…āύ⧁āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻ•ā§ŒāĻļāϞ : Translation āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āύ⧁āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύ⧋āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•ā§ŒāĻļāϞāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻ…āĻŦāϞāĻŽā§āĻŦāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤

ā§§. Tense-āĻāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ: āĻ…āύ⧁āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻ•ā§ŒāĻļāϞ āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ Tense-āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ Structure āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤

A. āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āϘāϟāĻŋāϤ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϏāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ āϤāĻž Present Perfect Tense āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ āĨ¤

B. āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ⧇ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ Present Continuous Tense āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

C. āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ…āĻĻā§āϝāĻžāĻŦāϧāĻŋ āϚāϞāϛ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āϝāϤ⧇āĻ“ āϚāϞāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻāϰ⧂āĻĒ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ Present Perfect Continuous Tense āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āϏ⧇āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžā§Ÿ āϝāĻžāĻŦā§Ž, āϧāϰ⧇, āĻšāϤ⧇, āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āχāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻ…āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ⧇ for āĻ“ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āφāϗ⧇ since āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤

D. Present Perfect Tense āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻŋāϤ, āϤāĻžāχ āĻāϤ⧇ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤāĻœā§āĻžāĻžāĻĒāĻ• āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ (āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ- yesterday, ago, etc.) āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻž, āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇ āϝāϤāχ āĻ‡ā§ŸāĻžāĻ›āĻŋ, āĻ‡ā§ŸāĻžāϛ⧇, āĻ‡ā§ŸāĻžāϛ⧇āύ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧁āĻ• āύāĻž āϕ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϏ⧇āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ Past Indefinite Tense āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

E. āĻĒāϰāĻĒāϰ āϏāĻ‚āϘāϟāĻŋāϤ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇āϰ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āϘāϟāύāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āϝ⧇āϟāĻŋ āφāϗ⧇ āϘāĻŸā§‡ āϏ⧇āϟāĻŋ Past Perfect āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāϟāĻŋ āĻšā§Ÿ Past Indefinite. āϏ⧇āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ Before-āĻāϰ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ⧇ āĻ“ After-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇
Past Perfect āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤

F. āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āϝāϤ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āϘāϟāĻŋāϤāĻŦā§āϝ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋāϰ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāϟāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ Future Perfect Tense āĻšā§Ÿ, āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāϟāĻŋ āĻšā§Ÿ Present Indefinite āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž Future Indefinite.

⧍. Phrasal Verb-āĻāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ Verb āφāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻāĻ• āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĻā§‡ā§Ÿ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āϤāĻž Phrasal Verb āϤāĻĨāĻž Group Verb āĻšāϞ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

A. Tell āĻŽāĻžāύ⧇ 'āĻŦāϞāĻž' āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ Tell upon āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤

B. Take āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻ¨ā§‡ā§ŸāĻž, āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ Take after āĻŽāĻžāύ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻĻ⧃āĻļā§āϝ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž, āĻ…āύ⧁āϰ⧂āĻĒ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻŦāĻž, āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻāĻ•āχ āϰāĻ•āĻŽ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĨ¤

C. Cry āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻ•āĻžāĻ¨ā§āύāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻž, āϚāĻŋā§ŽāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϤāĻŦ⧇ Cry down āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻ–āĻžāĻŸā§‹ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžāĨ¤

D. Set āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž, āĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĻ āĻžāĻ• āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ Set in āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āφāϰāĻŽā§āĻ­ āĻ•āϰāĻž, āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĨ¤

E. Hail āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻļ⧁āϭ⧇āĻšā§āĻ›āĻž āϜāĻžāύāĻžāύ⧋, āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāύāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ hail from āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ- āϕ⧋āĻĨāĻžāĻ“ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āφāϏāĻžāĨ¤

ā§Š. Phrase & idioms-āĻāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ: āϝ⧇ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ Idiom-āĻāϰ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻŋāϤ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“ āφāϏāϞ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻžāχāϰ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ Idiom-āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ƒāϤ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻŽā§āĻ–āĻ¸ā§āĻĨ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻž āφāĻŦāĻļā§āϝāĻ•āĨ¤ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻ•āϤāĻŋāĻĒ⧟ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĻž āĻšāϞ⧋āĨ¤

A. To leave no stone unturned āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āϝāĻĨāĻžāϏāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝ/ āφāĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻŖ āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āϟāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž, āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āϟāĻžāϰ āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧁āϟāĻŋ āύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤

B. To catch somebody red handed āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻ•āĻžāωāϕ⧇ āĻšāĻžāϤ⧇āύāĻžāϤ⧇ āϧāϰāĻžāĨ¤

C. Go to the dogs- āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻ—ā§‹āĻ˛ā§āϞāĻžā§Ÿ āϝāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž, āύāĻˇā§āϟ/ āĻŦāĻ–āĻžāĻŸā§‡ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĨ¤

D. Tell āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ 'āĻŦāϞāĻž' āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ Telling speech āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ 'āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•āϰ āĻŦāĻ•ā§āϤ⧃āϤāĻž'āĨ¤

E. Live from hand to mouth āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĻāĻŋāύ āφāύ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋāύ āĻ–āĻžā§ŸāĨ¤

F. Ring āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āφāĻ‚āϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦ⧃āĻ¤ā§āϤ, āϚāĻ•ā§āϰ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ Ring leader āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĒāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āĻ—ā§‹āĻĻāĻž, āĻĻāϞāύ⧇āϤāĻžāĨ¤

G. Make way for āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻ•āĻžāωāϕ⧇ āϜāĻžā§ŸāĻ—āĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĻž, āϝ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĻžāĨ¤

H. At stake āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āϏāĻ‚āĻ•āϟāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ā§āύ

ā§Ē. Preposition-āĻāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ: āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ Preposition āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻŦāĻŋāώ⧟āϟāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻĨāĻžā§Ÿ āϰāĻžāĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

A. Die of- āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āϰ⧋āϗ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āĻŽāĻžāϰāĻž āϝāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĨ¤

B. Live - āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻ•āϰāĻž, āĻŦāĻžāρāϚāĻž āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁āϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāρāϚāĻž āĻšāϞ⧋- Live on.

C. Come āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āφāϏāĻžāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ Come from āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āϜāĻžā§ŸāĻ—āĻž āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āφāϏāĻž, āϝāĻž āϐ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻŦāĻžāϏāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ/āϜāĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

D. 'Across' prepositionāϟāĻŋ āĻ†ā§œāĻžāĻ†ā§œāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

E. 'āĻĻ⧁āĻ‡ā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇' āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ Between āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ 'āĻĻ⧁āĻ‡ā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ•' āĻāϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ Among āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

ā§Ģ. Causative Verb: āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡ āύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāϕ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ•āϰāĻžāύ⧋ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ Causative verb āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ make/get/have āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻāϰ Structure-āϟāĻŋ āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ get/ have + Complement (āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁āĻŦāĻžāϚāĻ•) + v-āĻāϰ Past Participle āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž make + complement + v āĻāϰ present form.

A. āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ Verb āφāϛ⧇ āϝ⧇āϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ—āϤāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇āχ CausativeāĨ¤ āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ- Eat āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻ–āĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ Feed āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻ–āĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāύ⧋āĨ¤ āϤ⧇āĻŽāύāĻŋ He is walking the baby- āϏ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻšā§āϚāĻžāϟāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻšāĻžāρāϟāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇āĨ¤

ā§Ŧ. Present Participle-āĻāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ: āύāĻžāϚāϤ⧇ āύāĻžāϚāϤ⧇, āĻšāĻžāϏāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻžāϏāϤ⧇, āĻ•āĻžāρāĻĻāϤ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāρāĻĻāϤ⧇ āχāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ Present participle āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

ā§­. āĻ…āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ āφāĻ•āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ•ā§āώāĻž : āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ…āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦ āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ āφāĻ•āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύ⧋āĻ•ā§āϤ Structure āϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

a. I wish I were .............

b. If + past perfect

c. Had + Sub + .............

Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. Wikipedia


Translation is the transmittal of written text from one language into another. Although the terms translation and interpretation are often used interchangeably, by strict definition, translation refers to the written language, and interpretation to the spoken word. Translation is the action of interpretation of the meaning of a text, and subsequent production of an equivalent text, also called a translation, that communicates the same message in another language. The text to be translated is called the source text, and the language it is to be translated into is called the target language; the final product is sometimes called?the?"target?text."

Translation must take into account constraints that include context, the rules of grammar of the two languages, their writing conventions, and their idioms. A common misconception is that there exists a simple word-for-word correspondence between any two languages, and that translation is a straightforward mechanical process. A word-for-word translation does not take into account context, grammar, conventions, and idioms.

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Press freedom takes influential place in a country. It represent citizen’s freedom of speech. Media can expose news without obstructer or any controls by government and organizations. There should not be control over the press. As press freedom is necessary for the preventability of corruption, development of economy and maintenance of democracy. One of the advantages of press freedom is it can help to control on the level of corruption. A country which has higher press freedom tends to lower corruption in government or some private’s agents (Brunetti & Weder, 2003). Sometimes countries might think press free threats the stable of political and it might easy be controlled by different organizations. However, again the most persuasive idea come.

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“Health for all” implies the removal of the obstacles to health that is to say, the elimination of malnutrition, ignorance, contaminated drinking-water, and unhygienic housing quite as much as it does the solution of purely medical problems such as a lack of doctors, hospital beds, drugs and vaccines. Health for All in Bangladesh contains the most comprehensive information available about primary health care services in Bangladesh, including activities in maternal and child health care, Family planning, reproductive health care, nutrition, quality of care, and health care financing.

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Cluster Villages

 

A majority of the Bangladesh population are farmers who are settled in villages. They toil to make both ends meet and produce crops for the entire nation. Bangladesh has about 68,000 villages, which are scattered throughout the country.  A village is called the rural part of the country. It is called rural because it does not have modern facilities like cities. The main occupation of the villagers is farming. They are the primary source of the nation's agricultural production.

 

Description of Villages

Villages have either tiny hamlets of thatched huts or large settlements of tiled roofs, stones, and brick homes. An impression has been created by artists and filmmakers that an Indian village is a simple cluster of mud-plastered walls, shaded by trees, overlooking the large expanses of green fields with a few people moving slowly and of course, bullock carts. They portray a village woman with a pot on her head and walking gracefully, her skirt swaying gently. The reality is that a village is the hub of nonstop activity, with their stronger work ethics. Agriculture is tough and requires hard work. The villagers work very hard and are always trying to find innovative methods of growing wheat, rice, and lentils. 

 

Importance of Village

The village is important because it is the primary sector of agricultural production for our country. The village is the backbone of Bangladesh economy. It also plays a major role in maintaining the ecological balance of the environment. Villages are mostly covered with trees and plants. They are covered with green grasslands. One can see acres of green fields as far as the eyes could see. They provide shelter to many animals. 

Life in Village

The village life is full of contentment and happiness, as people are not in a hurry like in city life. Village people live a very simple life. Villages are mostly situated far from the hustle and bustle of urban civilization. The beauty of nature can be experienced in a village as it is surrounded by trees, flowers, mountains, streams, and farmlands. There is no pollution in the village and one can feel the freshness in the breeze. The demands of the villagers are not too high but they are still deprived of basic facilities. Clean drinking water, electricity, health center, schools, proper sanitation are a few facilities that are lacking in the villages. Their poverty is always visible in the atmosphere. 

Conclusion

My village is a small abode for happy people.  Here they live in harmony and peace. The village people are very hardworking and thus they must have a good source of upliftment. Like the village’s schools and clinics should be maintained and increased in number. The farmers should be facilitated by helping them to leverage their sales, make them notified about the modern techniques used in farming, and give them compensation and knowledge of the true market price of their crops. Thus, I would request governmental authorities to come forward and uplift the medical, educational, and farming facilities in the village.

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Problems of urban living in Bangladesh

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Bangladesh needs to build an urban space that is capable of innovating, is better connected and more livable in order to make cities competitive. Bangladesh’s urban space is falling behind in all three of these drivers of competitiveness. The Dhaka metro area needs to evolve into a diversified economy with skilled human resources and an innovation capacity fueled by the cross-fertilization of ideas typical of large metropolitan areas. Dhaka metro area also needs to be better connected internally and with its peri-urban areas, and both Dhaka and Chittagong have to strengthen their connection to the global economy. Improved connectivity within Bangladesh’s system of cities is also important for productivity and export competitiveness. The development of an economically dynamic urban space, in particular in the Dhaka metro region, has occurred at the expense of livability. The livability of the urban space will become an even more binding constraint to sustained growth as Bangladesh transitions to a new business model based on higher-value industries and services, which need a highly skilled and internationally mobile workforce. This  is a tall order for Bangladesh, but planning needs to start today for Bangladesh’s cities to become more competitive in future.

 

Urbanization have crucial role to play in the economic development of Bangladesh. The circumstances under which population in Dhaka and Chittagong are growing without proportionate infrastructural development will begin to wipe out most of the gains associated with urbanization. That is, relative high levels of urbanization may not be sufficient to ensure higher levels of economic welfare in Bangladesh. This has happened in Latin America with levels of urbanization, above 80%, yet with real per capita incomes about a third that of developed nations. It could happen in Bangladesh as well unless the urban managers rise from their prolonged slumber.

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My school days

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My school life has been full of different experiences over the years. It gave various opportunities to develop not only my scholastic abilities but also the art and sport side. It supported me in my sports as well as exposed me to numerous types of people. All of this accounted to make me understand how to behave socially and in building a personality which I have today.

There are numerous things that make school life the best phase in one’s life. All of this eventually is because we are young to do mistakes again and again till we realize, dumb enough to not think about people and do what we feel like doing, curious to know everything we can and most importantly still not exposed and contaminated with the evil feelings of this world. And all of this makes us build a personality of our own.

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Export trade means selling goods and services to other countries. It is very important for a country’s economic growth, as it brings in foreign money, creates jobs, and promotes international relationships.

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Our Export Trade

Export trade is a key part of any nation's economy. It refers to the process of sending goods and services produced in one country to be sold in another. India, with its rich resources, skilled workforce, and growing industries, is actively involved in export trade.

India exports a wide variety of goods to different parts of the world. These include agricultural products like rice, tea, and spices; textiles and garments; gems and jewellery; pharmaceuticals; engineering goods; and even software and IT services. These exports not only bring money into the country but also help in building India's reputation globally.

Export trade has many advantages. It earns foreign exchange, which helps us import important goods like oil and technology. It creates employment for millions of people in farming, factories, shipping, and logistics. Exporting also motivates industries to improve their quality and standards, making Indian products more competitive worldwide.

The government supports export trade through incentives, special economic zones (SEZs), and by signing international trade agreements. Organizations such as the Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) and Export Promotion Councils guide and assist exporters.

However, India faces some challenges. Global markets are highly competitive. There are issues like transport delays, customs procedures, and foreign trade restrictions. To grow stronger, India must invest in better infrastructure, promote digital trade, and support small businesses in exploring new markets.

In conclusion, export trade is very important for our country's growth. It helps build a stronger economy, supports industries, and connects India to the world. With smart planning and effort, India can continue to grow as a leading exporter on the global stage.

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āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻ•āĻĻ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ

ā§§ āĻ•ā§āϞāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ, āĻļā§€āϟ, āϏāĻžāĻœā§‡āĻļāύ āĻ“
āĻ…āύāϞāĻžāχāύ āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻž āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻĢāϟāĻ“āϝāĻŧā§āϝāĻžāϰ!

āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āϏāĻŋāϞ⧇āĻ•ā§āϟ āĻ•āϰ⧁āύ — āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻ…āĻŸā§‹āĻŽā§‡āϟāĻŋāĻ• āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ!

āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āĻāĻĄāĻŋāϟ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāĻŦ⧇
āϜāϞāĻ›āĻžāĻĒ āĻĻ⧇āϝāĻŧāĻž āϝāĻžāĻŦ⧇
āĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāύāĻž āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāĻŦ⧇
Logo, Motto āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻšāĻŦ⧇
āĻ…āĻŸā§‹ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāύ⧇āϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ
āĻ…āĻŸā§‹ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ, āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŽāĻžāύ
āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āĻāĻĄāĻŋāϟ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāĻŦ⧇
āϜāϞāĻ›āĻžāĻĒ āĻĻ⧇āϝāĻŧāĻž āϝāĻžāĻŦ⧇
āĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāύāĻž āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāĻŦ⧇
Logo, Motto āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻšāĻŦ⧇
āĻ…āĻŸā§‹ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāύ⧇āϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ
āĻ…āĻŸā§‹ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ, āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŽāĻžāύ
āĻ…āĻŸā§‹ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļāύāĻž (āĻāĻĄāĻŋāϟāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ)
āĻ…āĻŸā§‹ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ§ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ
OMR āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāĻŦ⧇
āĻĢāĻ¨ā§āϟ, āĻ•āϞāĻžāĻŽ, āĻĄāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāχāĻĄāĻžāϰ
āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ/āĻ…āĻĒāĻļāύ āĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāχāϞ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ
āϏ⧇āϟ āϕ⧋āĻĄ, āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āϕ⧋āĻĄ
āĻ…āĻŸā§‹ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļāύāĻž (āĻāĻĄāĻŋāϟāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ)
āĻ…āĻŸā§‹ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ§ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ
OMR āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāĻŦ⧇
āĻĢāĻ¨ā§āϟ, āĻ•āϞāĻžāĻŽ, āĻĄāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāχāĻĄāĻžāϰ
āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ/āĻ…āĻĒāĻļāύ āĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāχāϞ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ
āϏ⧇āϟ āϕ⧋āĻĄ, āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āϕ⧋āĻĄ
āĻāĻ–āύāχ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻ•āϰ⧁āύ āĻĄā§‡āĻŽā§‹ āĻĻ⧇āϖ⧁āύ
ā§Ģā§Ļ,ā§Ļā§Ļā§Ļ+
āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻ•
ā§Šā§Ļ āϞāĻ•ā§āώ+
āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϰ
āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ ā§§ā§Ģ āĻĒ⧟āϏāĻžā§Ÿ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϰ
ā§§ āĻ•ā§āϞāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ, āĻļā§€āϟ, āϏāĻžāĻœā§‡āĻļāύ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧁āύ āφāϜāχ

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