Hides(পশুচর্ম অজিন)and skins are the raw material of the leather manufacturer or tanner(চামড়া পাকা করার কাজে নিয়োজিত কর্মী). When man first used animal skins is not known. Skins, even when preserved by tanning(চামড়া পাকা করণ) , do not last as long as stone, pottery(মৃৎশিল্প),  metals and bones, and our knowledge about the early use of skins in vague.  However, the numerous flint scrappers (ধ্বংসাশের পাথরের টুকরো) and bone or ivory sewing needles in our museums show that tens of thousands of years ago, in the early Stone Age, skins were prepared and used long before textiles. Nowadays, hides and skins are essential raw materials and important articles (বস্তু) of commerce. Any animal skin can be made into leather, but the skin chiefly used come from cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and horses. To a lesser extent the skins from dogs, deer, reptiles, marine animals, fish and birds are also used. Snakes, lizards, seals, whales and sharks all contribute to the leather manufacture. ‘Hide’ is the trade word for the skins of the larger animals such as full grown cattle and horses; and ‘skin’ for the smaller animals and immature larger animals, such as ponies and calves. Some skin are made into leather after the hair or wool has been removed; but the skins of the fur-bearing animals and sometimes of sheep, lambs (and ponies are processed, or ‘dressed’, with the hair or wool still in place. Most cattle hides come from South America, the U.S.A, and from Australia with smaller quantities from East and West Africa, Central America and the Sudan. Sheepskins come from Australia and New Zealand, and the best goat skins comes from India, Pakistan, Ethiopia, Saudi Arabia and Nigeria. There is usually a long interval between the flaying or stripping, of the skin from the animals and putting it into tannery for processing. If the flayed skins were left wet, they would go bad, just like meat; they must therefore be preserved in some way. The commonest method is salting. This involves sprinkling the skins with salt on their inner side; or immersing the skins completely in strong salt solution for some hours, after which they are drained and sprinkled with solid salt. Another method is drying is to stretch the skins out on the grounds, or on frames and to dry them in the sun, or even better in the shade. Beetles and other insects eat skins and must be kept away by the use of some chemical such as D.D.T. The dried skins are called ‘crust’ leather and are sent in this farm to the tanneries for the very complicated process of tanning. After tanning, only the middle layer of the skin is left to provide leather as we know it. It is to the closely knit fiber structure of the middle layer that leather owes its virtues of flexibility, strength and elasticity, its resistance to rubbing and its unique power of allowing water vapour and air to pass through it while resisting penetration by liquid water itself.

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