Write short notes on the followings below

Global warming is the rise in the average temperature of Earth's atmosphere. It has become a problem that affects not just some people, but everything and everyone. Scientists report that global warming has been escalating since the industrial revolution. It is the problem that emerged as a major issue in the late 1980's. Currently, average temperature of the earth is roughly 57 degrees fahrenheit. Since the late 1800's the average temperature has increased about 0.5 to 1.5 fahrenheit degree (0.3 to 0.8 celsius degree). Scientists worried about the causes of this warming trend. They say that natural process could cause the rise in temperature. They also say that changes in the path of revolution of the Earth around the sun could cause global warming. Generally global warming causes due to fossil fuels, industry and agricultural processes caused by human, natural and other gas emissions. The greenhouse effect plays an important role in the issue of global warming. Global warming temperatures have many negative effects, on earth which also affect us. There are three main categories in which these rising temperatures have an effect: glacial melting and water levels, plant life, and human and animal health. Leading scientists assert that rise of 3 degrees temperatures would cause famine and drought and threaten millions of lives. Global sea levels could raise by more than 20 feet. It will cause huge damage to the people of coastal areas. It will create more intense storms. For the mitigations of this problem we should reduce the burning of fossil fuels; find alternative energy resources; recycle usable resources and plant trees to help combat global warming. It is high time to take steps to curb the global warming. Otherwise it will affect everything and everyone.

Food security is the most vital issue nowadays in the world, specially in South Asian countries. People are considered food secured when they have all time access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life. Food security analysts think that food must be available in sufficient quantities and on a consistent basis. It considers stock and production in a given area and the capacity to bring in food from elsewhere, through trade or aid. Consumed food must have a positive nutritional impact on people. It entails cooking, storage and hygiene practices, individuals health, water and sanitation's, feeding and sharing practices within the household. People must be able to regularly acquire adequate quantities of food, through purchase, home production, barter, gift borrowing or food aid. In 1950 the world's population numbered 2.5 billion. In 2016, it is more than 7.4 billion. It will be roughly 8 billion by 2025. And it could reach between 9 and 10 billion by the middle of the century. Arguably, this is the most important development of this time with immense implications for the global environment and the prospect for feeding the world. For Bangladesh food security was synonymous with achieving self-sufficiency in rice production and stabilization in rice price. The country has made good progress in increasing rice production through technological progress, facilitated by private sector investment in small scale irrigation. But it is difficult to sustain the progress made in view of the growing pressure of population. The major food security problem is that around half of the Bangladesh is remaining below the established food based poverty line and as many as one third are in extreme poverty and severely under nourished despite the impressive increase in food grain availability. The economists forecast a negative impact on the deficiency of food grain on the market price. Inspite of different difficulties on the way of food security the government should own up publicly the real situation so that corrective measures may be taken.

Universities play an important role for the intellectual development of a nation. There are lots of public, private and specialized universities that offer higher education in Bangladesh. Alongside public, specialized and private universities plays very crucial role in the field of higher education. Private universities are the universities not operated by govemment, although may receive tax breaka, public student loans and grants. Private universities in Bangladesh came into being after institution of the Private University Act of 1992. These universities follow an open credit system. Since the enactment of private universities Act of 1992, there has been an astonishing expansion of private universities in Bangladesh. While in the year 2000 the number of Private Universities in Bangladesh was 17, today it has reached a total of 115. Obviously, this growth rate needs to be constructed in terms of quality of higher education these universities provide. In the developed countries, private universities play a vital role in the growth of education, research and scholarship along with public universities. The basic need to establish private universities came from the limitations and inadequacies of our public education system in the country. As the public universities can accommodate only 25 percent of our students, for the rest 75 percent students private university is crying needed. Inspite students private university is crying needed. Inspite of positive aspects of private universities, there are some negative aspects. In facts, many of these universities have certain basic problems. One of the most basic problems is the shortage of senior and qualified faculty members. These universities also suffer from the lack of proper accommodation facilities. They rent private houses for classrooms and offices, which are not suitable for academic purposes. They also do not have the well-equipped labs and rich libraries. Another significant area of weakness of universities is the quality of students. The bulk of the students they offer admissions are not up to the standard in merit and aptitude for becoming university students. This lack of standard hampers the quality of education. In such cases, when the authorities become commercially motivated, the students are given grades that they actually do not deserve. In spite of such drawbacks the private universities have opened up new avenues of higher education in the country, no doubt, but higher education must be ensured in terms of quality education.

Dhaka has emerged as the 9th megacity in the world, with a population of more than one crore. There are lots of problems in Dhaka city as, traffic jams, mosquitos, frequent power disruptions, polluted  water, a poor wastage disposal network, irregularities in charges for services like telephone bills and housing one. As the population of the city is increasing day by day in leaps and bounds, the city is facing acute housing problems. Taking the residential need of the present population in Dhaka, it is estimated that 70 percent of the total popultion squeeze into 20 percent of residential lands. This group belongs to the lower income bracket. The upper income group constitutes 2 percent of the total population of Dhaka city and occupies 15 percent of total residential area. Though real estate development by private developers in recent years has solved the residential problems of middle and upper middle class significantly, the needs of lower income group including slum dwellers have not been addressed by any agency. The real estate companies are not being able to meet the housing problems fully. Because people from village and other city corporation like Rangpur, Chattogram, Rajshahi etc. rushing to Dhaka city for getting working opportunity. As a result population of this city is expanding to a great extent. In this city slum dwellers are also increasing day by day, because poor people cannot provide the housing costs and they habituated to live in slum. Facing the housing problems it requires the sincere efforts and programs with adequate fund and staff. The population growth of Dhaka city should be stopped which requires creation of employment opportunities in rural areas and developing mini-urban areas at upazilla level. To meet this problem slums may be upgraded with modern facilities in areas where government or other agencies not have plans to build in the near future. Furthermore, strict control on the purchase of land and their use should be enforced. If the necessary steps are not taken to solve this problem or delay in undertaking rigorous initiatives may result into devastating effects on civic life. For this, the government, city dwellers themselves, politicians, media and intelligentsia all should take part in making the city liveable.

Poverty is a soical curse in our society. It is most concentrated in the rural areas of Bangladesh, hence creating disparities between the rural and urban areas. However, urban poverty remains a problem too. The rural people lack services such as education. According to Bangladesh Economic Review-2024, 14.7 percent of the population in urban areas lives below the poverty line. People living in urban areas, like Dhaka, Chattogram, Khulna, Rajshahi, enjoy a better standard of living with electricity, gas, and clean water supplies. Even in the major cities, however, a significant proportion of people live in squalor in dwellings that fall apart during the monsoon season and have no regular electricity.
These people have limited access to health care and to clean drinking water. There are many causes of rural and urban poverty. One of the main causes of rural poverty is due to the country's geographical and demographic characteristics. A large proportion of the country is lowlying, and thus is at a risk to flooding Many of the rural poor live in areas that are prone to-
extreme annual flooding which cause huge damage to
their crops, homes and livelihoods. In order to rebuild
their homes, they often have to resort to money lenders,
and that causes them to fall deeper into poverty. In
addition, these natural disasters also cause out breaks
of cholera and other waterborne and diarrheal diseases
such as dengue and malaria which will affect them
physically and lower their productivity levels. Another
cause of rural poverty is due to the fast growing
population rate. The causes of urban poverty are due
to the limited employment opportunities, degraded
environment, and bad housing and sanitation. The urban
poor hold jobs that are labour demanding, thus
affecting their health conditions. Therefore, the urban
poor are in a difficult situation to escape poverty. For
the eradiction of this problem we have to create working opportunities for enlarged population. Alongside the people living in both villages and urban areas should be educated. Above all, people have to be conscious and meet any disaster both natural and man-made in a couragious manner. If above mentioned measures are not taken immediately people will not be able to escape from the grasp of poverty.

The beach in Cox's Bazar is an unbroken 120 km. sandy sea beach with a gently slope. It is located 150 km. South of the industrial port Chattogram. This beach is one of the most visited tourist destinations in Bangladesh. It is the longest beach in the world. Millions of tourists and Bangladeshi natives visit this beach every year. Many people are involved in businesses providing hospitality and customer service. A number of people are also involved in fishing and collecting seafood and sea products for their livelihood. Various kinds of oyster, snail and pearl and their ornaments are very poplular with tourists in seaside and city stores. A number of people are also involved in the transportation business for tourists. It is also one of the few major spots for aquaculture in Bangladesh. Along with Khulna, it is considered a major source of revenue from foreign exchanges. Beside a mix of small scale agriculture, marine and inland fishing and salt production are other industrial sources from this region that play important roles in the national economy. This beach is the main attraction of the town. Larger hotels provide exclusive beach side areas with accessories for the hotel guests. In addition to the beach there are several places of interest near the town which can easily be visited from the town center. The near by historical interests are Aggmeda khyang (a large Buddhist monastery), Ramu (a village with a sizeable Buddhist population), Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Safari Park (a protected area where the animals are kept in fairly large areas with natural environments), Himchari waterfall, Inani Beach (a quiet tourist hideout set out in the exuberance of nature), Maheshkhali (a small island that offers panoramic scenic beauty), Sonadia Island (a small crescent shaped island), Teknaf (end point of Cox's Bazar beach), St. Martin's Island (only coral island in Bangladesh), also known as 'Narikel Jinjira' etc. All these places of interests give pleasure to people both from home and abroad. Inspite of all the places of interests, the beach is the main attraction of the town.

Public Private Partnership is a win-win relationship between the government and various private sector players for the purpose of delivering a service by sharing the risk and rewards of the venture under a contractual obligation. This projects normally cover public good provisions characterised by indivisibility and non-excludability, natural monopoly characterised by declining marginal cost, and lumpy investment characterised by long gestation period. Bangladesh has been facing many development challenges independence in 1971. To overcome some of there challenges, the country requires significant investment in energy, transport and water supply infrastructure and several other sectors. In mid-2009, a policy encouraging public-private collaboration was included by the government of Bangladesh, but it lacked clear guidelines on how to put the government's intentions into practice. The government has agreed to address the limitations of the initiative taken in 2009. The PPP policy is usually administered under the Prime Minister's office, indicating high level support for its effective implementation. The PPP policy and strategy was published in August 2010. However, much more investment is required in these sectors and several other priority sectors in order to accommodate economic growth. These priority sectors include ports, roads, railway supply, waste management, tourism, e-service delivery etc. According to the policy and strategy for PPP, 2010, of the government, public-private partnership models can be considered for any project that generates public good and services is at least one of the following circumstance exist for the project. The implementation of the project is difficult with the financial resources or expertise of the government alone; Private investment would increase the quality or level of service or reduce the time implement compared to what the government could accomplish on its own. There is an opportunity for competition, where possible, among prospective private investors, which may reduce the cost of providing a public service
Private investment in public innovation and there are no regulatory or legislative restrictions on private investment in the delivery of the public service. However, for successful implementation of PPP projects, political support is critical. There is no unique model or mechansim of implementing Ppp explore collaborative modalities and partnership based approaches best suited to specific contexts.

Industry is the means of gaining economic power of any country. Readymade garments industry of Bangladesh has carved out a nice for itself. It has emerged as a profitable, quick yielding investment sector and opened up a wide scope for entrepreneurship development in the garments sector as well as in linkage industries and support services. So, garments industry in Bangladesh has developed an educated, young and hardworking entrepreneurial class which was absent in the country. This sector has generated direct employment opportunities for 4.0 million workers of which 90% are female workers. Besides, more than 0.8 million workers are engaged in accessory industries related to the garment industries. On the other hand 16 million people are indirectly dependent on the RMG industries. It has emerged as a hundred percent export oriented industry and ever since the beginning in 1978-79; the country earned foreign exchange from garments export at a very fast growing rate. In fiscall year 2023-24 the export earning from garments totalled $ 36,151.31 million. Even after the tragic incidents at Tazreen Fashions and Rana Plaza, the export earnings proved that Bangladesh has not lost its competitiveness in the RMG sector. Through garments industry of Bangladesh improving day by day, it suffers from a number of drawbacks. One of the major problems faced by the apparel exporting firms in Bangladesh is their great dependence on imports of fabrics and accessories from abroad. According to some 15 percent of the demand for fabrics of the  garments industry units. Our garments sector also lacks modern technology. It is mainly dependent on manual labour. The quality of our garments products is not so good. Because our garments sector lacks skilled and technologyically trained labour force. For acquirng the competitive capacity in a free quota market and to accelerate the growth of our garments sector we should overcome our drawbacks and maintain international standards of our products. After all, the country has the opportunity to build up increased capabilities to adjust to the changing industry conditions through market and product diversification as well as to develop the local base through growth of the backward linkage industries. So, the need for the hour is to take initiative in this direction by our government as well as our business community thereafter.

Globalization has become a buzzword in the new era of international relations. It is a process of expanding trade and commerce all over the world by creating a borderless market. But it has had a far-reaching effect on many aspects of life. Bangladesh as a member of this global network, is greatly influenced by the remarkable process of globalization. We are living in a global village where third world countries like Bangladesh are in constant interaction with the developed ones. We can now learn in an instant what is happening in the farthest corner of the world and travel to any country in the shortest possible time. We can now buy and sell goods through the electronic medium. Thus the free market economy has contributed to the progress of our economy. But for the developing country like Bangladesh, many opine that, this globalished economy has some serious side-effects that are adversely affecting our economy. It is clear that globalization has arranged an unequal competition between developed and undeveloped or so called developing countries. So, the industrially developed capitalist countries are or a triumphant march. It is creating more opportunities for capitalist countries other than the developing ones like ours. In the name of help and co-operation, the capitalist countries like the USA, the UK are exploiting the cheap labour available in our country. the capital. Since our country is backward in science and technology, it can not excel in competition.
As a result, rich countries do better than the poor ones and prosper rapidly at the cost of others our market is packed with foreign goods.
tor also ndent on rments ts sector labour n a free of our wbacks of our rtunity to the et and e local kage take s well
w era nding ing a effect er of - the in a like the
So, our local products are losing market as they are not as good as the foreign goods. Consequently, our small industries are meeting decay and thousands of people related to or dependent on these industries are being left unemployed. In the name of help and co-operation, international financial institutions such as IMF, ADB, WB are trying to occupy market in the third world countries and thus making a huge profit. They are providing loans to Bangladesh but they are imposing some conditions on our economy and politics. Although globalization is mainly concerned with business, trade and international relations, it is no longer viewed from that perspective alone. Under the influence of globalisation global cultures are steadily getting integrated with local cultures. The intrusion of foreign culture is seen by many as a threat to our national identity. In this age of globalisation, we must not keep our doors shut down. We must try to keep pace with the world. But we must not lose our identity as an independent nation.