10.1.1 Look at the illustrations below and in pairs, ask and answer the question that follow.
নিচের ছবিগুলো দেখো এবং জোড়ায় নিচের প্রশ্নগুলো আলোচনা করো।
Listening idea
Look at the following illustrations and listen to the audio. Then, ask and answer the questions that follow.
নিচের ছবিগুলো দেখো এবং audio-টি শোনো, পরে প্রশ্নগুলো আলোচনা করো।
Listening text idea: Short descriptions of each situation.
Questions
a. What do you see in the picture?
b. Have you ever experienced any of these situations? If yes, how did you feel then?
c. How do these problems affect your life?
d. Have you thought of any ideas to solve these problems? If yes, share some of your ideas.
10.2.1 In pairs, look at the illustrations in Activity 10.1.1 again. Then, identify the causes behind each incident and how these incidents affect the lives of people around you. Finally, share your responses with the class.
Activity 10.1.1-এ দেওয়া ছবিগুলো আবার দেখো। প্রতিটি ঘটনার কারণগুলো চিহ্নিত করো এবং কিভাবে এই ঘটনাগুলো তোমার চারপাশের লোককে প্রভাবিত করছে তা চিহ্নিত করো। সবশেষে, তোমার উত্তরগুলো শ্রেণিতে শেয়ার করো।
One is done for you as an example.
10.2.2 Look at the grid in Activity 10.2.1 again and choose an incident to write a text about it. Your text will highlight the causes and effects written in the grid of the particular situation or problem. Then, share your text with the class.
Activity 10.2.1-এ দেওয়া সারণিটি আবার দেখো এবং একটি ঘটনা নিয়ে একটি text লেখো। তোমার text-টি সারণিতে উল্লিখিত কোনো নির্দিষ্ট ঘটনা বা সমস্যাকে তুলে ধরবে এবং তার কারণ ও প্রভাব নিয়ে আলোচনা করবে। এরপর, তোমার text-টি শ্রেণিতে শেয়ার করো।
10.2.3 Now, read again the text you have written and ask and answer the questions in pairs. Later share your responses with the class.
তোমার লেখা text-টি আবার পড়ো এবং জোড়ায় প্রশ্নগুলো আলোচনা করো। পরে শ্রেণিতে উত্তরগুলো শেয়ার করো।
a. Does your text have an introduction? If yes, what have you written there?
b. How many causes and effects have you written in your text? What are they?
c. How many paragraphs have you used to write the causes and effects?
d. Have you used any linking words to describe the causes and effects in your essay?
e. What have you written in your conclusion paragraph?
10.3.1 To write about the causes and effects of any situation or problem, you need to follow a model to make your text well structured. Now, read the following note to learn how to write a cause-and-effect essay.
কোনো ঘটনা বা সমস্যার কারণ এবং প্রভাব লেখার জন্য একটি কাঠামো (model) অনুসরণ করতে হয় যাতে লেখাটি কাঠামোবদ্ধ হয়। কারণ এবং প্রভাব (causes and effects) সমূহ সংক্রান্ত রচনা কিভাবে লিখতে হয় তা শেখার জন্য নিচের note-টি পড়ো।
Note
Cause and Effect Essay
In our everyday life, we write different types of texts. Especially as a student, you have to write various types of essays. Sometimes you write to inform a topic and to analyze an idea. Some may be to argue for or against a specific position, while others will persuade someone to take action. Likewise, if you write an essay that explores a topic explaining how certain causes result in specific effects is called a cause-and-effect essay. The purpose of a cause-and-effect essay is not to persuade, argue, or entertain the reader but to inform the reader of a topic highlighting its causes and how the causes affect someone/something.
Like other types of essays, a cause-and-effect essay has its structure. Structurally, a cause-and-effect essay is similar to other types of essays. It starts with an introduction paragraph which includes-
- A hook to grab the reader's attention
- A clear and focused thesis statement
- A quick preview of the causes and affects you have used in your thesis
Now, let's move to the body paragraph!
You can organize the body paragraph of your essay in different ways. You can discuss each cause and its effect in individual paragraphs. Alternatively, you can discuss each cause, section by section, and then discuss each effect afterwards. So, the structure of the body paragraph may look like the following.
- Body paragraph 1
First cause and its effect
- Body paragraph 2
Second cause and its effect
- Body paragraph 3
Third cause and its effect
Add as many body paragraphs as you need.
The other structure of your body paragraph essay may be
- Body paragraph 1
Description of the causes
Description of the effects
After writing the body paragraphs, it is time to write your essay's conclusion which includes -
- Restate the thesis
- Restate all the causes and effects, you have used in your essay
- Give an opinion or realization if you want
It is time to find out the steps to write a cause-and-effect essay!
Step 1: Start brainstorming your topic.
Step 2: List all the causes first and then the effects.
Step 3: Organize all your ideas and make a guideline to write your essay.
Step 4: Now, write the first draft of your essay following the structure of a cause-and- effect essay.
Step 5: In this stage, make the necessary edits.
Step 6: It is time to write the final draft of your essay.
10.3.2 To write a cause-and-effect essay, you first need to identify which statement is a cause and which is an effect. So, let's learn how to identify a cause and an effect in a text. Read the following note first and then do the activity that follows.
Cause এবং effect সংক্রান্ত লেখার জন্য তোমাকে প্রথমে কোন statement গুলো কারণ এবং কোন statement গুলো ফলাফল তা বের করতে হবে। চলো একটি text-এর কারণ ও ফলাফল কীভাবে চিহ্নিত করতে হয়ে তা শিখি। নিচের note-টি পড়ো এবং পরের কাজটি (activity) করো।
Note on how to identify a cause and an effect in a text
To identify a cause and an effect in a text, use the following strategy. a. Generally, causes are written first, then comes the effects or results. For example- There are many trees in this area. The air is fresh here. Here, the first sentence is the cause and the second sentence is the effect of the cause. b. The causes and effects are joined with words like as and so. However, these can also be joined with some linking devices as therefore, consequently, as a result, thus, that's why, for that reason etc. For example, The traffic is terrible today. That's why I am late! Here, the words That's why tell that this statement is the effect of the terrible traffic.
c. Remember, therefore and consequently are used mainly in writing or formal speech. Although this is a little old-fashioned, it is used in academic writing. That's why is commonly used in informal speech. d. In some sentences, linking words are used to tell about the cause. For example, notice the following sentence- The price has increased because of the rising inflation rate. Here, the linking device "because of joins a noun phrase 'rising inflation rate as a cause. You can replace because of with as a result of, due to, or owing to. e. Sometimes the phrase the fact that is used in cause-and-effect sentences. An example sentence is
I could not use Messenger last week because my ID was hacked
|
Statements | Cause | Effect |
| a. The boy could not arrive on time. It was raining heavily | ||
| b. People are cutting trees indiscriminately. The world temperature is increasing. | ||
| c. I could not see well. I forgot to bring my glasses. | ||
| d. There was a power cut last night for a long time; therefore, I could not complete the task. | ||
| e. It rained sufficiently during the monsoon. Consequently, farmers got a good harvest. | ||
| f. My uncle planted many fruit trees. As a result, he can eat fresh fruits every year. | ||
| g. He is a dedicated leader. Therefore, he is elected MP every time. |
10.3.4 Read the text given below and share your learning in pairs. Later, share it with the class.
নিচের text-টি পড়ো এবং জোড়ায় তোমার শিখণ (learning) শেয়ার করে পরে শ্রেণিতেও তা শেয়ার করো।
Bullying, a curse in society
Modern society has many a vice. One such vice is bullying. Bullying is a form of aggressive behaviour in which a person or a group intentionally and repeatedly hurts another person or a group, and it can be physical, verbal or psychological. The act of bullying can happen face-to-face or online. It is one of the prime challenges children face in schools nowadays. Bullying happens all over the world. It can be in the form of children humiliation, mistreatment, physical attacks, and in some extreme cases, sexual violence of young female learners.
The causes of bullying are many. The cultural factor is one of the many causes of bullying. Individuals' race and ethnicity are included here. Children who belong to racial minorities are often bullied by children belonging to racial majorities. Again, high expectations of parents can be too stressful for some children, and as a result, these children sometimes express their frustrations and anger by shouting or bullying fellow learners. Furthermore, envy towards someone or a sense of inferiority can lead to bullying.
The report shows that children from dysfunctional families often bully other children. Besides, in some cases, craving for attention and the desire to be perceived as brave and confident one intends to bully. In addition, a lack of compassion and empathy towards others can result in bullying. Some students who tend to bully others have low self-esteem. They try to compensate for this feeling by picking on others and a sense of accomplishment through bullying.
The effects of bullying on a child are very traumatizing. First of all, for the victims of bullying, being bullied can increase anxiety, depression, and loneliness and lead to eating disorders and substance abuse. Being bullied can also affect mental health and increase suicide risks. It can also result in decreased academic achievements. Normal development of the victims would hamper and might lead to growing up with low self-esteem. Most importantly, bullied victims may grow up to be abusive individuals putting themselves and others at risk.
This bullying problem needs to be addressed carefully in schools, or it would be challenging to ensure a learner-friendly educational environment. A collaborative and participatory approach to addressing this problem is essential. Only a combined effort from the teachers, parents, and policymakers would work to eradicate this social problem. Every cause of bullying needs to be identified and addressed. The school administration would ensure a zero-tolerance policy for any instance of bullying. Parents, on the other hand, should be careful not to engage in any behaviour that can result in bullying. Every possible mitigating measure should be taken to stop bullying and make schools safe for children.
10.3.5 Now, read the text again and find out the meaning of the following words using different reading strategies. Later, share your responses with the class.
Text-টি আবার পড়ো এবং পড়ার বিভিন্ন কৌশল অবলম্বন করে নিচের শব্দগুলোর অর্থ খুঁজে বের করো। উত্তরগুলো শ্রেণিতে শেয়ার করো।
Words | Words Meaning |
| Bullying | |
| Aggressive | |
| Humiliation | |
| Frustration | |
| Compensate | |
| Traumatizing | |
| Mitigating |
10.3.6 Read the text in Activity 10.3.4 again and discuss the following questions in pairs. Later share your responses with the class.
Activity ১০.৩.৪ এ দেওয়া text-টি আবার পড়ো। তারপর জোড়ায় নিচের প্রশ্নগুলো আলোচনা করো। উত্তরগুলো শ্রেণিতে শেয়ার করো।
a. Where have you found the thesis statement in the essay?
b. What does the writer tell in the thesis statement?
c. How many body paragraphs are there in the essay?
d. How many causes have you identified in the essay? What are they?
e. What are the linking devices the writer used to describe the causes and effects of Bullying? Give examples from the text.
10.3.7 Read the text in Activity 10.3.4 again and identify the causes, effects and example sentences in the text.
You may use the following grid to list your responses. One is done for you.
Activity 10.3.4 এ দেওয়া text-টি আবার পড়ো এবং নিচের সারণিতে দেওয়া causes, effects চিহ্নিত করো এবং উদাহরণস্বরূপ বাক্য লেখো।
Causes | Effect | Example sentence in the text |
| 1. Cultural Factors | Bullying | Children become victims of bully- ing because of cultural factors. |
| 2. | ||
| 3. | ||
| 4. | ||
| 5. | ||
| 6. |
10.4.1 Now in groups of 3-5, identify any five problems from your Science or Social science Books. Then, find out 3-5 causes of each problem and the effects of those problems. Later, choose one problem from the five and write a cause-and-effect essay following the structure given in Activity 10.3.1. Later, write the essay on a piece of paper/ poster paper and present your essay in front of the class. Encourage other groups to share their feedback.
৩-৫ জনের দলে, তোমার বিজ্ঞান অথবা সামাজিক বিজ্ঞান বই থেকে যেকোনো পাঁচটি সমস্যা চিহ্নিত করো। তারপর, প্রতিটি সমস্যার ৩-৫টি কারণ এবং তাদের ফলাফল খুঁজে বের করো। পরে, Activity 10.3.1-এ দেওয়া গঠন ও নিয়ম অনুযায়ী ৫টি সমস্যা থেকে যে কোন একটিকে নিয়ে কারণ এবং ফলাফল সংক্রান্ত একটি রচনা লেখো। উক্ত রচনাটি এক টুকরো কাগজ/পোস্টার পেপারে লিখে শ্রেণিতে উপস্থাপন করো। অন্য দলগুলোকে তাদের মতামত (feedback) দেওয়ার জন্য উৎসাহিত করো।
You can use the following grid to list the problems, causes and effects of the selected problems or you can present it in your own way. Submit a copy of this grid to your teacher.
নির্ধারিত সমস্যাগুলোর কারণ এবং ফলাফল লেখার জন্য নিচের সারণিটি ব্যবহার করতে পারো অথবা নিজের মতো করে তা উপস্থাপন করতে পারো। এই সারণিটির একটি কপি তোমার শিক্ষকের কাছে জমা দাও।
The problem | Cause | Effect |
| 1. | ||
| 2. | ||
| 3. | ||
| 4. | ||
| 5. |
New Words: vice, bully, aggressive, humiliation, mistreatment, ethnicity, expectations, inferiority, confident, accomplishment, traumatize, victims, abusive, eradicate, persuade, intentionally, perceive, self-esteem, substance abuse, envy.
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