9.1.1 Look at the following illustrations. Imagine what is happening there. (নিচের ছবিটির দিকে তাকাও। এবং কল্পনা করো সেখানে কি ঘটছে।)

In groups, ask and answer the following questions based on the illustrations.

a What are the children doing? Where are they?
b. How will you describe the place the children are in?
c. Discuss the importance of using a library.

9.2.1 Now read the sentences you have written for each question. Then, look at the sentences your teacher shows. Now ask and answer the following questions in pairs/groups.
(এখন প্রতিটি প্রশ্নের জন্য লেখা তোমার বাক্যগুলো পড়ো। তারপর তোমার শিক্ষকের দেখানো বাক্যগুলোর দিকে তাকাও। এখন জোড়ায়/দলে প্রশ্নগুলো জিজ্ঞাসা করো এবং উত্তর দাও।)

a What are the themes (subject matter) of the three texts?
b. How are they different from each other?
c. Do you know what these three different texts are called?

9.2.2 For your understanding, the three texts you have written are known as expository writing, narrative writing and descriptive writing. Now it is your turn to match the three texts with the types of writing in the following table.
(তোমার বোঝার জন্য যে তিনটি text তুমি লিখেছো সেগুলো সত্য প্রকাশ করে এমন লেখা, বর্ণনামূলক লেখা, বিস্তারিত বর্ণনা করে এমন লেখা। এখন নিচের সারণির text গুলো কোনটি কোন ধরনের লেখা তা মিলাও।

9.3.1 Read the note in the box below, and answer the questions that follow. (নিচের box এর note টি পড়ো এবং পরের প্রশ্নগুলোর উত্তর দাও।)

Features/characteristics of different types of writing

Descriptive writing

Descriptive writing is the process of creating visual images and sensory impressions using words. The writer creates a picture of the reader's mind using the descriptions Its main function is to describe a particular person, place or thing. The main features of descriptive writing are as follows:

• description may be objective or subjective
• a good description is a word picture the reader imagines the person, place or thing described
• the reader seems to be involved in the story
•  a good descriptive writing makes the reader feels as if she or he is present in the scene

Examples of descriptive writing are free writing, journal writing, product descrip tions, reflective writing, travel writing, etc.

Narrative writing

Narrative writing is also a kind of description, however, the description is not limited to describing the physical attributes of the person, place or thing, rather the description goes beyond. Narrative writing is a kind of storytelling which may have a series of characters in first-person narration.

• looks like telling a story real or fictional
•  the story may be personal or historical
•  the beginning, the middle and the end all parts of the story are equally important 
• entertaining
• attracts/holds the reader's attention
• keeps the reader engaged
• keeps the points consistent
• avoids unnecessary details

Examples of narrative writing are anecdotes, novels, poems, short stories, etc.

Expository writing

Expository writing is used when we want to convey information to the readers or help them better understand something. Expository writing includes points like - compare and contrast, cause and effect, analysis, etc. The main features of expository writing are as follows:

• purposeful
• converts facts with clarity and focus
• explains/illuminates the facts
• contains a thesis statement
• includes only relevant information
• considers what readers already know
• connects the facts and main idea with clear statements

Examples of expository writing are business writing, instructional articles, news writ ing, recipes, scientific reports, technical writing, textbooks, etc.

Descriptive Writing: Descriptive writing হলো শব্দমালা ব্যবহার করে চাক্ষুষ চিত্র এবং সংবেদনশীল ধারণা তৈরির প্রক্রিয়া। বর্ণনামূলক ধরন ব্যবহার করে লেখক পাঠকের মনে ছবি তৈরি করেন। এর প্রধান কাজ হলো কোন নির্দিষ্ট ব্যক্তি, স্থান অথবা বস্তুর বর্ণনা করা। বর্ণনামূলক লেখার প্রধান বৈশিষ্ট্য নিম্নরুপ:

• বর্ণনা উদ্দেশ্যমূলক ব্য বিষয়গত হতে পারে।
• একটি ভালো বর্ণনা হচ্ছে শব্দমালার মাধ্যমে কোন কিছুকে ফুটিয়ে তোলা।
•  পাঠক বর্ণিত ব্যক্তি, স্থান বা বস্তুকে কল্পনা করতে পারেন।
• পাঠক গল্পের সাথে নিজেকে জড়িত মনে করেন।
• একটি ভালো বর্ণনামূলক লেখায় পাঠক নিজেকে সেই দৃশ্যে উপস্থিত বলে অনুভব করেন।

বর্ণনামূলক লেখার উদাহরণ হলো মুক্ত হাতে লেখা (free writing), পত্রিকার জন্য লেখা, কোনো পণ্যের বিবরন লেখা, প্রতিফলনমূলক লেখা এবং ভ্রমণ সংক্রান্ত লেখা।

Narrative Writing: Narrative Writing ও এক ধরনের বর্ণনা, কিন্তু বর্ণনাটি শুধুমাত্র কোন ব্যক্তি, স্থান, বস্তুর মধ্যে সীমাবদ্ধ থাকেনা বরং বর্ণনা তাকেও ছাড়িয়ে যায়। Narrative Writing এক ধরনের গল্প বলা যার মধ্যে 1st person বর্ণিত একাধিক চরিত্র থাকে।

• এটা অনেকটা বাস্তব বা কাল্পনিক গল্প বলার মতো।
• গল্পটি হতে পারে ব্যক্তিগত বা ঐতিহাসিক।
•  গল্পের শুরুর অংশ, মাঝের অংশ এবং শেষাংশ অর্থাৎ গল্পের সব অংশই সমানভাবে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ।
•  গল্পটি হয় বিনোদনমূলক।
•  গল্পটি পাঠকের দৃষ্টি আকর্ষণ করে এবং পাঠককে ধরে রাখতে পারে।
• পাঠকের মনোযোগ আটকে রাখতে পারে।
• গল্পের points গুলো সামঞ্জস্যপূর্ণ থাকে।
•  অপ্রয়োজনীয় বিবরণ এড়িয়ে যায়।
•  বর্ণনামূলক লেখার উদাহরণ হলো: উপাখ্যান, উপন্যাস কবিতা, ছোট গল্প।

Expository writing (ব্যাখ্যামূলক লেখা): Expository writing ব্যবহৃত হয় যখন আমরা পাঠকের কাছে কোনো তথ্য পৌঁছাতে চাই অথবা পাঠককে কোনো কিছু ভালো করে বুঝাতে চাই। Expository লেখার মধ্যে থাকে: তুলনা করা এবং বৈসদৃশ কোন কিছুর বর্ণনা, কারণ এং প্রভাব এবং বিশ্লেষণমূলক লেখা। ব্যাখ্যামূলক লেখার প্রধান বৈশিষ্ট্যগুলো নিম্নরূপ:

•  এ ধরনের লেখা উদ্দেশ্যমূলক
• সত্য কোন ঘটনাকে ব্যাখ্যা করে অথবা আলোকপাত করে।
• Thesis statement ধারণ করে।
• শুধুমাত্র প্রাসঙ্গিক তথ্য অন্তর্ভুক্ত করে।
• ইতোমধ্যে পাঠকেরা যা জানেন তা বিবেচনা করা হয়।
• মূল ঘটনা এবং প্রধান ধারণাকে সুষ্পষ্ট বর্ণনার মাধ্যমে সংযুক্ত করে।

Expository লেখার উদাহরণ হলো: ব্যবসায়িক লেখা, নির্দেশনামূলক articles, সংবাদ লেখা, রেসিপি, বৈজ্ঞানিক প্রতিবেদন, technical writing এবং পাঠ্যপুস্তক লেখা।
Do the following activities in groups.

a) Identify the two most important features of each type of text (descriptive, narra- tive, expositary)
b) Write the names of two texts of each type you have read in your life.
c) Write the name of one text of each type you have written in your life.
d) Which type of writing, do you think, is the most important? Why?
At the end, share your answers with the whole class

9.3.2 Read the following text and match the meaning of the words in the table that follows.
(নিচের text টি পড়ো এবং নিচের সারণিতে দেয়া শব্দের অর্থগুলো মিলাও।)

The Habit of Reading

Reading is an activity with a purpose. We read to gain information or verify existing knowledge. We also read for enjoyment or to gain knowledge of the language. The pur-pose of reading is to relate the ideas in the text to what you already know The reader must understand the subject that he or she reads to connect the ideas. The purposes of reading are to search for information, learn from text, integrate ideas, write, evaluate texts and for general comprehension

One should make reading a habit throughout one's life. We may learn from, be illumi- nated and be guided by good texts. There is no better companion than a good book Reading is essential because it is helpful for our overall well-being. Once we begin reading, a whole new universe opens up to us. So, the habit of reading is one of the best qualities that a person can possess.

Reading books develops positivity in us. It helps us relieve stress by giving us an op- timistic approach to anything in life. We get motivation by studying the biographies of successful people and are inspired to do hard work Thus, reading is necessary as it helps in the growth and development of an individual.
Reading is also an art. A habit of reading books boosts imaginations, fantasies, and creativity in us. Children are filled with immense curiosity to know about everything. Good reading habits must be inculcated from a young age. This habit makes the chil- dren understand the world around them in a better way. Not to mention, children enjoy reading and listening to stories,

Reading also plays a vital role in our civic life Through reading, the individual keeps informed on the political, social, economic and cultural problems of their country. Reading affects our attitudes, beliefs, standards, morals, judgments, and general be- haviour, it shapes our thinking and actions

Reading habit is not only for students hut also for people in general. They must read extensively to get information and knowledge of social living. It can help a person keep informed on the social, political, and economic aspects of their country. Now match the words with their meaning, in pairs. One is done for you as an example 

9.3.3 Read the text above again and answer the following questions: (উপরের text টি আবার পড়ো এবং নিচের প্রশ্নগুলোর উত্তর দাও।)

a) Why do we read something?
b) How does reading relieve stress?
c) 'Reading is an art, explain.
d) What roles does reading play in civic life?
e) How does reading help general people?
f) What type of writing do you usually read narrative, descriptive, or expository? Why?
g) Give one example of each type of writing- narrative, descriptive, or expository 

Finally, do peer checking.

9.3.4 Read the following three texts. Now work in groups, and identify the features/characteristics of three types of writing. Next, write them in the following table. One is done for you.
(নিচের তিনটি text পড়ো। এখন দলে তিন ধরনের লেখার বৈশিষ্ট্য আলোচনা করো। নিচের সারণিতে তা লেখো। একটি উত্তর তোমাদের জন্য করে দেওয়া হলো।)

Text A

Adrita wanted to read something over the weekend. She decided to borrow a book from the Harry Potter series. She went inside the school library. She asked the librarian if she could barrow a copy. The librarian told her that there was only one copy and it was on loan. She was disappointed. The librarian asked if she would like to borrow a graphic novel instead. There was a copy of Just One Wish by Sally Rippin. Adrita had never read a graphic novel before. She asked the librarian what the book was about. The librarian said that it was about understanding cultural differences. Adrita was interested and requested to borrow the book.

Text B

In the late summer of that year, we lived in a house in a village that looked across the river and the plain to the mountains. In the bed of the river there were peb- bles and boulders, dry and white in the sun, and the water was clear and swiftly moving and blue in the channels Troops went by the house and down the road and the dust they raised powdered the leaves of the trees. The trunks of the trees too were dusty and the leaves fell early that year

Text C

Turning to possible solutions, it would be helpful to see a joint initiative between the authorities and mobile phone producers to raise public awareness of these risks. Such a programme could take many forms, ranging from advertising to dedicated classes in schools and colleges, and could be aimed at both the problem of accidents and the unsociable nature of excessive device usage, which would make it very cost-effective. A further solution may be to install warning mechanisms on these devices, which detect when traffic or obstacles are nearby so that the user does not walk blindly into danger. Such systems already exist in cars to alert drivers to impending trouble or the need to change direction.

Overall, the dangers in this situation are both physical and social. Potential remedies may involve better education and also enhanced danger detection along the lines already used successfully in motor vehicles.

9.4.1 Formal and informal writing
You have learnt in the previous experience(s) that a text may be formal or informal depending on the situation/purposes. You have also learnt and practised the features of both formal and informal texts. Therefore, the three types of writing mentioned above (descriptive, narrative and expository) may be formal and informal. So, let's now re- visit the features of formal and informal texts. It will help you write better in different styles.

Work in groups. Read the text titled 'The Habit of Reading' again in activity 9.3.2, and answer the following question:
Do you think this text is formal or informal? Why?
To answer this question, find out some (five or more) features of the form (formal or informal), you claim, from the text and write them in favour of your answer, You can start your writing like this-

I believe the text "The Habit of Reading is a…….. one, as some features of........ text is used in some sentences which are mentioned below

In the end, share your group findings with the whole class.

9.4.2 Look at the following illustrations

Now write three texts based on the illustrations. In each text, write 8-10 sentences.
1) Narrative text: Write a story about the pictures.
2) Descriptive text: Describe the general characteristics of your best friend (among others, you can add the appearance and personality of your best friend)
3) Expository text: Write on the importance of friendship, and the effects of good and bad friends on your life

New Words:
information, existing, evaluate, comprehension, illuminate, optimistic, biography, fantasies, creativity, extensively, initiative, previous