In the early years of the twentieth century there was little specialization in surgery. A good surgeon was capable of performing almost every operation that had been devised up to that time. Today the situation is different. Operations are now being carried out that were not event dreamed of fifty years ago. The heart can be safely opened and its valves repaired. Clogged blood vessels can be cleaned out and broken ones mended of repaired. A lung, the whole stomach, or even part of the brain can be removed and yet the patient can continue of live a comfortable and satisfactory life.
However, not every surgeon wants to, or is qualified to, carry out every type of modern operation. Surgeons today are trained to specialize in different types of operations that need special skill. Thus the scope of surgery has increased remarkably in the twentieth century.

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