The Elizabethan Period (1558-1608) (āĻāϞāĻŋāϜāĻžāĻŦ⧇āĻĨā§€āϝāĻŧ āϝ⧁āĻ—) :

āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āĻœā§€ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āχāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏ Elizabethan Period āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āχāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏ āϏ⧂āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āύāĻžāϟāĻ• āϏāĻš āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ, āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āωāĻĒāĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻ“ āĻ āϝ⧁āϗ⧇ āĻ•āĻŽ āϰāϚāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋāĨ¤

  • āωāĻĒāĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāϏ⧇ āϟāĻŽāĻžāϏ āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāϏ⧇āϰ (Thomas Nashe) The Unfortunate Traveler or The life of Jack Wilton.
  • āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϝāĻŧ Edmund Spenser āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ William Shakespeare.
  • āύāĻžāϟāϕ⧇ āϝ⧇ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĢā§‹āϰāĻŖ āϘāĻŸā§‡ āĻāχ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĢā§‹āϰāϪ⧇āϰ āύāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻ• Thomas Kyd, Christopher Marlowe āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ Shakespeare-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āĻ…āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝ āύāĻžāĻŸā§āϝāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āφāĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻāχ āϝ⧁āϗ⧇āχ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤

āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ:

  • āϕ⧁āχāύ āĻāϞāĻŋāϜāĻžāĻŦ⧇āĻĨ-ā§§ āĻāϰ āύāĻžāĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āϏāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻāϰ āύāĻžāĻŽāĻ•āϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤
  • Elizabethan Period āϕ⧇ āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ⧇ Golden Age āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ [34th BCS]
  • āĻāχ āϝ⧁āĻ—āϕ⧇ 'a nest of singing birds' āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
  • Elizabethan tragedy is centred on revenge/ āĻāϞāĻŋāϜāĻžāĻŦ⧇āĻĻāĻžāύ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāĻœā§‡āĻĄāĻŋāϰ āĻŽā§‚āϞ āĻĨāĻŋāĻŽ āĻšāϞ⧋ Revenge.
  • Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Kyd, Nashe, Robert Greene, Thomas Lyly āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ Peele āϕ⧇ University wits āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ University Wits were the witty students of Cambridge or Oxford.
  • John Donne, John Herbert, Vaughan, Marvell Metaphysical poets āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
  • Ralph Roister Doister (āϰāĻžāĻĢ āϰāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰ āĻĄāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāϰ) is the first drama (comedy) of English Literature.
  • First tragedy in English literature is 'Gorboduc' written by Thomas Sackville and Thomas Norton.
  • āĻāχ āĻļāϤāϕ⧇ (āϰ⧇āύ⧇āϏāĻžāρāϰ āϝ⧁āϗ⧇) āĻ–ā§āϰāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāύ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āĻ­āĻžāϗ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤

(a) Catholic / Papist: āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽāϗ⧁āϰ⧁ Pope āĻāϰ āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāĻžāϰ⧀

(b) Protestant: Against the Pope

  • Queen Elizabeth āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāϤ āωāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ, "A good face is the best letter of recommendation."

Metaphysical Poetry (āĻĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻļāύāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ• āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻž): āϏāϤ⧇āϰ āĻļāϤāϕ⧇ āĻāχ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāϟāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āϘāϟāĻžāύ Donne, Herbert, Vaughan, Marvell, Carew, Crashaw
Cleveland āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ Cowley āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤāύ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāϤ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ. John Dryden āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ 'metaphysical' āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāϟāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϰāϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ, "Donne affects the metaphysics".

Literally, 'meta' means 'beyond' and 'physics' means "physical nature". So 'metaphysics' means "beyond physical nature". In this sense, metaphysical poetry is a type of poetry which deals with abstract or philosophical sub-jects. Metaphysical is a term generally applied to a group of 17th century poets chiefly Donne, Herbert, Vaughan, Marvell, Carew, Crashaw, Cleveland and Cowley. John Dryden used the word, 'metaphysical' first. He wrote, "Donne affects the metaphysics". His judgement was confirmed by Dr. Samuel Johnson.

The University Wits

The University wits refer to those young dramatists and pamphleteers who wrote and performed in London towards the end of the 16th century. They were called university wits because they were witty and highly educated in Oxford and Cambridge university.

They are Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Kyd, Thomas Nashe, Robert Greene, John Lyly and George Peele. Thomas Kyd is not believed to have studied at those universities but he is also sometime included in this group. They upheld the classical ideals and ridiculed the crudeness of the new English plays.

āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻ•āĻĻ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ

ā§§ āĻ•ā§āϞāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ, āĻļā§€āϟ, āϏāĻžāĻœā§‡āĻļāύ āĻ“
āĻ…āύāϞāĻžāχāύ āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻž āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻĢāϟāĻ“āϝāĻŧā§āϝāĻžāϰ!

āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āϏāĻŋāϞ⧇āĻ•ā§āϟ āĻ•āϰ⧁āύ — āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻ…āĻŸā§‹āĻŽā§‡āϟāĻŋāĻ• āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ!

āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āĻāĻĄāĻŋāϟ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāĻŦ⧇
āϜāϞāĻ›āĻžāĻĒ āĻĻ⧇āϝāĻŧāĻž āϝāĻžāĻŦ⧇
āĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāύāĻž āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāĻŦ⧇
Logo, Motto āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻšāĻŦ⧇
āĻ…āĻŸā§‹ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāύ⧇āϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ
āĻ…āĻŸā§‹ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ, āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŽāĻžāύ
āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āĻāĻĄāĻŋāϟ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāĻŦ⧇
āϜāϞāĻ›āĻžāĻĒ āĻĻ⧇āϝāĻŧāĻž āϝāĻžāĻŦ⧇
āĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāύāĻž āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāĻŦ⧇
Logo, Motto āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻšāĻŦ⧇
āĻ…āĻŸā§‹ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāύ⧇āϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ
āĻ…āĻŸā§‹ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ, āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŽāĻžāύ
āĻ…āĻŸā§‹ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļāύāĻž (āĻāĻĄāĻŋāϟāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ)
āĻ…āĻŸā§‹ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ§ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ
OMR āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāĻŦ⧇
āĻĢāĻ¨ā§āϟ, āĻ•āϞāĻžāĻŽ, āĻĄāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāχāĻĄāĻžāϰ
āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ/āĻ…āĻĒāĻļāύ āĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāχāϞ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ
āϏ⧇āϟ āϕ⧋āĻĄ, āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āϕ⧋āĻĄ
āĻ…āĻŸā§‹ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļāύāĻž (āĻāĻĄāĻŋāϟāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ)
āĻ…āĻŸā§‹ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ§ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ
OMR āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāĻŦ⧇
āĻĢāĻ¨ā§āϟ, āĻ•āϞāĻžāĻŽ, āĻĄāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāχāĻĄāĻžāϰ
āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ/āĻ…āĻĒāĻļāύ āĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāχāϞ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ
āϏ⧇āϟ āϕ⧋āĻĄ, āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āϕ⧋āĻĄ
āĻāĻ–āύāχ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻ•āϰ⧁āύ āĻĄā§‡āĻŽā§‹ āĻĻ⧇āϖ⧁āύ
ā§Ģā§Ļ,ā§Ļā§Ļā§Ļ+
āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻ•
ā§Šā§Ļ āϞāĻ•ā§āώ+
āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϰ
āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ ā§§ā§Ģ āĻĒ⧟āϏāĻžā§Ÿ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϰ
ā§§ āĻ•ā§āϞāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ, āĻļā§€āϟ, āϏāĻžāĻœā§‡āĻļāύ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧁āύ āφāϜāχ

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