Read the following passage and answer question 1 to 7
Fifty Years ago, before the poor had become class conscious m there were several subjects, such as economics and imperial affairs, of which they were comparative ignorant, In regard to these subjects they were prepared to accept the opinion of those who had studied them all their lives. Today, owing to the distrust created by class propaganda, we can count on no such acquiescence. An uneducated or untraveled person is unlikely today to give credence to the advice or information provided by somebody whom he assumes to belongs to the capitals class, He had been taught that the aim of the conservative Party and its sponsors is to delude the bobble worker and to tell him lies. Thus the assertions of those who are really informed on a difficult subject are met by derisive laughter, whereas the catchwords and difficult subject are met by derisive laughter, whereas the catchword and headline stuff doled out by the party propagandists are take to be incontestable truth and wisdom. This since the days of Thirties, has been the familiar device of demagogues, It is easier to laugh than to understand, easier to fester with suspicion of others than to glow with confident. The proletariat always prefer the easier path, especially when they are assured that is ti a praiseworthy path leading directly to their own interests.
Ages of acquiescence are always, so we assured, followed by ages of denial; for several centuries mankind will accept the established order and continue to live, generation by generation, according to the old unquestioned pattern then suddenly some ferment is introduced which sets the whole community bobbing and the crust is destroyed. During these periods of negation it is customary for those who direct the revolution to teach the people to deny and to distrust event the best and truest things that they are laugh in the past ; It is not only that they must deride the ancient formulas’ it is also that they must suspect of the very worst motives of any of those who seek even to explain them. Today we have on each side of the great divide examples of both systems. To the East, we have an area of apparent acquiescence, in which many millions of men and women, who cannot all the stupid accepts as truth statements and ideas that to rational belongs are palpably false. To the West, we have many millions of men and women, who cannot all be stupid accept as truth statements and ideas that to rational benign are palpably false. To the West, we have many millions of men and women, most of whom are intelligent and sentient, who refuse to accept as truth statements and ideas that really can withstand the most searching interesting exanimation. This contrast between the gullible and the incredulous is an interesting, and t my mind, encouraging thing to observe. It suggests that those who believe everything that they are told are condemned to a mental stagnation that can only end in decay; Whereas those who refuse to believe anything, even when told by reputable authorities, are doubtless being extremely silly, but are also very much alive. Those are the sort of people whom it is worthily trying to educate. But by what means are we to inculcate the habit of responsible thinking? Only, I suggest, by wily tact.
উত্তরঃ
The government employed widespread propaganda to sway public opinion in favor of the controversial new law.
Propaganda is information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view. It often involves a systematic effort to influence public opinion or behavior through various communication channels, sometimes distorting facts or appealing to emotions rather than logic. Understanding the meaning and usage of such words is essential for effective communication and critical analysis in professional and academic contexts.
The newspaper decided not to give credence to the unsubstantiated rumors.
The phrase "give credence to" means to believe or accept something as true. It implies that one is lending belief, authority, or credibility to a statement, idea, or person. For instance, if a report is well-researched and supported by facts, one might "give credence to" its findings. Conversely, if information is vague or lacks evidence, one might refuse to give it credence. Understanding such idiomatic expressions is crucial for precise communication in professional environments, for interpreting formal texts, and for demonstrating strong English language proficiency relevant for job seekers.
The audience's derisive comments about the new policy highlighted their strong disapproval.
The word "derisive" is an adjective that describes something expressing contempt or ridicule. It comes from the verb "deride," meaning to express contempt for; ridicule. Common synonyms include mocking, scoffing, taunting, jeering, and sneering. It implies an attitude of disdain or scorn, often conveyed through laughter, comments, or gestures intended to show someone or something is unworthy of serious consideration or respect. Understanding such nuanced vocabulary is crucial for effective communication in professional settings, both in comprehending complex texts and articulating one's own thoughts precisely.
উত্তরঃ
The politician was accused of being a demagogue, manipulating public emotions with empty promises.
A demagogue is a political leader who seeks support by appealing to the desires and prejudices of ordinary people rather than by using rational argument. Such individuals often employ emotionally charged rhetoric, make extravagant promises, and exploit societal divisions or fears to gain and maintain power. The term carries a negative connotation, implying that the leader is more interested in personal gain or power than in the welfare of the public they claim to represent.
The new software helps us complete our reports faster with fewer mistakes.
The phrase "faster with" combines the comparative adverb "faster" (indicating increased speed) and the preposition "with" (introducing an accompanying element or circumstance). This construction is commonly used to describe how a task, process, or activity can be accomplished more quickly by employing a specific tool, method, or resource. For example, one might perform tasks "faster with" new technology, a clearer strategy, or additional support. It highlights the efficiency gained through a particular aid or condition.
উত্তরঃ
The child's face began to glow with happiness as she opened her birthday gift.
The phrase "glow with" signifies to shine brightly or intensely with a particular emotion, quality, or light. It indicates a visible and often radiant manifestation of an internal feeling or an external source. For instance, a person might "glow with pride" after accomplishing a challenging task, or a room might "glow with candlelight." Mastering the nuanced usage of such phrases enhances precision and expressiveness in both written and spoken English, which is valuable in professional communication.
The baker allowed the dough to ferment overnight for a richer flavor.
The word "ferment" is a versatile term that primarily functions as a verb, but can also be used as a noun. As a verb, it describes a chemical process where microorganisms (like yeast or bacteria) break down substances, typically carbohydrates, into simpler ones, often producing alcohol, acids, or gases. This biological process is crucial in the production of alcoholic beverages, bread, and certain dairy products like cheese and yogurt.
Figuratively, "ferment" can also mean to stir up or incite (e.g., trouble, disorder, or strong emotions), or to be in a state of agitation, unrest, or intense activity. For example, "The new policy began to ferment widespread discontent among the populace." As a noun, "ferment" refers to a state of agitation or unrest, or an enzyme or yeast that causes fermentation.
উত্তরঃ
It is customary for graduates to wear gowns and caps at the commencement ceremony.
The word "customary" is an adjective that means "according to the customs or usual practices associated with a particular society, place, or set of circumstances." It implies something is conventional, traditional, or a routine practice. In a professional context, understanding customary practices is crucial for adapting to new work environments, understanding workplace culture, and communicating effectively. For example, it might be customary to address superiors by their titles, or customary to send a follow-up email after a meeting.
The word apparent is an adjective that means clearly visible or understood; obvious. It refers to something that is easily perceived or understood, often at first glance, though it doesn't necessarily mean it is genuinely true or real. For example, an "apparent solution" might seem to work but has flaws. In the context of the sentence provided, "It was apparent to everyone that he was lying," it highlights the obviousness or clarity of the lie to all observers.
Common synonyms for apparent include: obvious, evident, clear, manifest, plain, visible, seeming (when implying a superficial appearance). Understanding such words is crucial for precise communication in professional settings.
উত্তরঃ
The old bridge was built to withstand heavy traffic and harsh weather conditions.
The verb "withstand" means to remain strong or undamaged despite pressure, force, or a difficult condition. It implies resilience and the ability to endure without giving in or breaking down. For example, a material might be designed to withstand extreme temperatures, or an individual might need to withstand a period of intense stress. The past tense and past participle of "withstand" are "withstood."
Narration আয়ত্ত করতে হলে প্রথমে Tense, modals, person, 5 kinds of sentences ইত্যাদি ভালোভাবে জানা প্রয়োজন। দ্বিতীয়ত, Direct থেকে Indirect Narration করার সময় যেসব verbs ও adverbs পরিবর্তিত হয় সেগুলো মুখস্থ করা বা মনে রাখা দরকার।
Tense পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম:
Direct narration-এর Reporting verb যদি Present বা Future Tense হয় তাহলে Reported speech-এ Tense-এর পরিবর্তন হয় না।
Direct: He says, I am ill."
Indirect: He says that he is ill.
Direct: Rana will say, 'I am sorry."
Indirect: Rana will say that he is sorry.
কিন্তু Reporting verb যদি Past tense-এর হয় তাহলে নিম্নোক্ত নিয়মে Reported speech-এর tense পরিবর্তিত হবে :
Direct-এ এই Tense থাকলে
Indirect-এ এই Tense হবে
1. Present Indefinite Tense
Past Indefinite Tense
2. Present Continuous Tense
Past Continuous Tense
3. Present Perfect Tense
Past Perfect Tense
4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
5. Past Indefinite Tense
Past Perfect Tense
6. Past Continuous Tense
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
2. Words / phrases পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম : কিছু কিছু words/phrases আছে যেগুলো Direct থেকে Indirect করার পর পরিবর্তিত হয়। সেগুলোর একটি তালিকা দেয়া হলো :
Direct-এ এই শব্দগুচ্ছ থাকলে
Indirect-এ এই শব্দগুচ্ছ হয়
This — এটি/এটা/এই
that — এটি/এটা/ ঐ
These এগুলো
those ওগুলো
Now – এখন
then — তখন
Here — এখানে
there – সেখানে
Ago - আগে
before – আগে
The same day – একই দিন
the following day / the next day পরের দিন
Hence – এখান থেকে।
thence – সেখান থেকে
Hither – এদিকে -
thither – সেদিকে
Thus – এভাবে
so – তাই
Come আসা
go - যাওয়া
Tomorrow – আগামী কাল
the next day পরের দিন
Yesterday — গতকাল
the day before/the previous day আগের দিন
Tonight – আজ রাতে
that night — ঐ রাতে
Last night — গত রাতে
the night before / the previous night – আগের রাতে
Next week – পরবর্তী সপ্তাহে
the following week
Last week - গত সপ্তাহে
the previous week
Tomorrow morning
the next morning
Yesterday morning
the previous morning
Today – আজ
that day — ঐ দিন
[বি.দ্র. It-এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হয় না। সেই সাথে ডান দিকের শব্দগুচ্ছ যদি Direct Narration-এ আসে তাহলে সেগুলোও পরিবর্তিত হবে না। যেমন— come থাকলে go হবে কিন্তু ২০ থাকলে go-ই হবে, come হবে না |
3. Assertive Sentence-এর Narration: Reporting Verb say-এর পরিবর্তে tell বসে। তবে object না থাকলে say বহাল থাকে। Comma ও inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসে । Tense ও person যথানিয়মে পরিবর্তিত হবে।
Munna said to Zuhan, I shall come to you tomorrow'. It's indirect form is-
Munna told Zuhan that he would go to him the following day.
বি.দ্র. Reported speech-এর বাক্যটি যদি চিরন্তন সত্য (universal truth) হয় তাহলে তার পরিবর্তন হয় না।
3. Interrogative Sentence-এর Narration: Reporting verb say-এর পরিবর্তে ask/enquire of বসে। প্রশ্নবোধক বাক্যটিতে যদি Wh-question word না থাকে তাহলে comma উঠে if বা whether বসে। Wh-question word থাকলে তা অপরিবর্তিত থাকে। আর indirect করার পর বাক্যটি Assertive হয়ে যায়।
He asked me if I had passed
4. Imperative Sentence -এর Narration: Reported Speech-এর অর্থ ও ভাব অনুযায়ী say এর পরিবর্তে order, command, request, advise, beg, ask, tell ইত্যাদি বসে। হ্যাঁ-বোধক বাক্যের ক্ষেত্রে Comma ও Inverted comma উঠে to বসে এবং না-বোধক বাক্যের ক্ষেত্রে not to বসে। বাক্যে please থাকলে উঠে যায় বা তার পরিবর্তে kindly এবং sir এর পরিবর্তে respectfully ব্যবহৃত হয়।
I ordered to do it.
The man requested the officer to please to help him.
5. Let দ্বারা imperative sentence শুরু হলে এবং তা দ্বারা প্রস্তাব বোঝালে Say-এর পরিবর্তে propose বা suggest হয়, comma উঠে that বসে let উঠে subject-এর পর should বসে বাক্যটি Assertive হয়ে যায় ।
Direct: Rana said to me, 'Let us go home."
Indirect : Rana proposed to me that we should go home.
7. Let দ্বারা প্রস্তাব না বোঝালে Let-এর পরিবর্তে might বা might be allowed to বসে ।
Direct: The boy said,'Let me do it'.
Indirect: The boy said that he might be allowed to do it.
8. Optative Sentence-এর Narration: Reported speech-এর অর্থ ও ভাব অনুযায়ী say-এর পরিবর্তে wish বা pray, comma উঠিয়ে that এবং subject-এর পর might বসিয়ে বাক্যটিকে Assertive করতে হয়।
Direct: The teacher said to me, 'May you pass the examination'.
Indirect: The teacher wished that I might pass the examination. √
9. বাক্যে good morning/evening থাকলে say-এর পরিবর্তে wish এবং good bye/ good night থাকলে say-এর পরিবর্তে bid বসে। উল্লেখ্য, bid-এর past form হচ্ছে bade.
Direct: Raju said, 'Good morning, my friends
Indirect: Raju wished his friends good morning or Raju wished good morning to his friends.
10. Exclamatory Sentence-এর Narration: Exclamatory sentence-এ আনন্দ বুঝালে Say-এর পরিবর্তে exclaim in বা with joy/delight/wonder, cry out in joy ইত্যাদি বসে; আর দুঃখ বোঝালে exclaim with sorrow grief ইত্যাদি বসে। কমা উঠিয়ে that বসে এবং alas, ah, hurrah, ইত্যাদি থাকলে তা বাদ দিয়ে বাক্যটিকে Assertive করতে হয়। What বা how দিয়ে বাক্য, শুরু হলে এদের পরিবর্তে noun-এর পূর্বে great এবং adjective-এর পূর্বে very বসে।
Direct: He said, "Hurrah! We have won the game.
Indirect : He exclaimed with joy that they had won the game.
Direct: He said, 'Alas! I am undone."
Indirect: He exclaimed with sorrow that he was undone.
11. Vocative Case- এর Narration: Narration- এ কাউকে সম্বোধন করলে তাকে সম্ভব হলে object-এ নিয়ে আসা, তাকে বাদ দেয়া অথবা Addressing দিয়ে বাক্য শুরু করা যেতে পারে ।
Direct: He said, 'Friends, listen to me."
Indirect : Addressing them as his friends he requested them to listen to him.
Or, He requested his friends to listen to him.
12. Direct Narration- এর reporting verb-টি past tense-এ হওয়া সত্ত্বেও reported speech-it যদি চিরন্তন সত্য (universal truth), অভ্যাসগত কর্ম ( habitual fact), বৈজ্ঞানিক সত্য (scientific truth) হয় তাহলে indirect করার সময় reported speech- টির কোনো পরিবর্তন হবে না।
Direct: He said to me, "Regular exercise is good for health.
Indirect : He told me that regular exercise is good for health.
13. Direct narration-এর reported speech- এ fool/liar/coward ইত্যাদি থাকলে indirect এ পরিবর্তন করার সময় direct-এর reporting verb said- এর পরিবর্তে called বসে।
Global energy demand, crucial for industrialization, is a major problem as conventional sources (coal, gas, oil, nuclear) are polluting, scarce, costly, or risky. This necessitates developing new, sustainable alternatives like solar, geothermal, and ocean energy. Successfully harnessing these clean, abundant, and cheap resources ensures uninterrupted supply, environmental safety, energy independence, and rapid economic development, especially for poorer nations.
We should care for the elderly members of our society.
The phrase "care for" is a common phrasal verb in English, meaning to look after, protect, or provide for someone or something. It implies showing concern and responsibility towards the well-being of the subject. This phrasal verb is widely used in both formal and informal contexts to express the act of nurturing, maintaining, or taking responsibility.
Meaning 1: To look after someone or something. Example: "It's important to care for pets properly."
Meaning 2: To be fond of or have affection for someone. Example: "He deeply cares for his family."
Meaning 3: To be concerned about something. Example: "She doesn't care for gossip."
Understanding such phrasal verbs is crucial for improving vocabulary and communication skills, especially in professional environments where precise language is valued.
The government plans to do away with the old tax system.
The phrasal verb "do away with" means to abolish, eliminate, or get rid of something entirely. It implies the complete removal or termination of something, often because it is considered old, unnecessary, or undesirable. This phrase is commonly used in both formal and informal contexts to describe the discontinuation of rules, systems, practices, or even objects.
Meaning: To abolish, eliminate, or discard completely.
Usage Contexts:
Laws/Rules: To repeal or cancel a law or regulation (e.g., The parliament voted to do away with the archaic law.).
Practices/Customs: To stop a tradition or habit (e.g., Many companies are doing away with traditional annual reviews.).
Objects/Systems: To remove or dispose of something physical or an operational system (e.g., They had to do away with the old machinery.).
Synonyms: Abolish, eliminate, terminate, scrap, remove, discard, get rid of.
Good opportunities are few and far between in this competitive job market.
"Few and far between" is an idiomatic expression used to describe something that is not common, rare, or happens infrequently. It indicates scarcity or infrequency, suggesting that instances of something are separated by considerable intervals of space or time. For example, "Vacations are few and far between when you're starting a new business," meaning they don't happen often.
উত্তরঃ
The new policy helped the company to turn the tide and regain its market share.
The idiom "to turn the tide" means to reverse the course of events or a situation, especially when things are going badly, and to change them for the better. It implies a significant shift from a negative or losing position to a positive or winning one.
This phrase often refers to a critical moment where an action, decision, or event fundamentally alters the direction of affairs. For example, a new leader might "turn the tide" of a failing organization, or a specific strategy could "turn the tide" of a difficult negotiation.
