The doctor suggested that the patient lose weight.
এই ক্ষেত্রে নিয়ম হলো Subject + Subjunctive (যেমনঃ Suggested, Proposed ইত্যাদি) + that + subject + base form + বাকি অংশ । বাক্যের অর্থঃ ডাক্তারের পরামর্শ রোগী তার ওজন কমাক।
Verb-এর সঠিক ব্যবহার Grammar-এর একটি খুবই গুরুত্বপূর্ণ বিষয়, যা সাধারণত Right forms of Verbs নামে পরিচিত। মূলত এতে Tense, Sequence of Tense, Mood, Modal Auxiliaries, Voice, Subject- Verb Agreement, Narration ইত্যাদি বিষয়গুলো জড়িত। তাই Verb forms সম্পর্কে পূর্ণাঙ্গ ধারণা করতে উপরিউক্ত বিষয়গুলো পৃথকভাবে অধ্যয়ন করতে হবে। এখানে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ নিরুগুলো আলোচিত হলো।
The Tense Markers: কিছু কিছু শব্দ বা শব্দগুচ্ছ আছে যা দেখে বোঝা যায় বাক্যের Verb-টি কোন Tense-এ হবে। সেসব শব্দ বা শব্দগুচ্ছকে এখানে Tense Markers হিসেবে অভিহিত করা হয়েছে। নিচে Tense Markers-এর একটি তালিকা এবং পরে এগুলোর বিশদ ব্যাখ্যা দেয়া হলো :
Tense
Tense Markers
Present Indefinite
always, often, sometimes, everyday, daily, regularly, usually normally, occasionally, generally, etc.
Present Continuous
now, at this moment, at this time, at present, shill, look (তাৎক্ষণিক দৃষ্টি আকর্ষণমূলক), listen etc.
Note: যেসব Verb-এর Continuous হয় না সেসব | Verb Present Continuous এর পরিবর্তে তাদেরকে Present Indefinite-এ করতে হয়। যেমন- He believes me now.
Present Perfect
already, just, just now, yet, never, ever, lately, recently.
Present Perfect Continuous
since, for, how long যাবৎ, ধরে, হতে, থেকে ইত্যাদি দ্বারা duration বোঝালে।
Note: যেসব Verb-এর Continuous হয় না সেসব Verb যদি Present Perfect Continuous-এ আসে তাহলে তাদেরকে Present Perfect করতে হয়।
যেমন : We have known each other since 1993.
Past Indefinite
yesterday, ago, long ago, long since, last, last night, last week, last month, last year, as soon as, the day before yesterday, once.
Past Continuous
at that moment, at that time, then etc. এবং while/when/ as দ্বারা যুক্ত দুটি অতীত ঘটনায় while/when যুক্ত অংশটি Past Continuous হয়।
Past Perfect
অতীতের দুটি ক্রমিক ঘটনার ক্ষেত্রে before-এর পূর্বে Past Perfect এবং after-এর পরে বসে।
Future Indefinite
tomorrow, next, next week/year, coming, ensuing in the days/years to come.
Future Perfect
by, by this time, by (time, month, year), next (time, month, year), by next (time, month, year)
1. সুনির্দিষ্ট অন্য কোনো সময় উল্লেখ না করা হলে বাক্যে যদি always, often, sometimes, everyday, daily, regularly, usually, normally, occasionally, generally ইত্যাদি থাকে তাহলে বাক্যে Verb-টি Present Indefinite Tense হয়।
যেমন—
We often fall a victim of circumstances.
2. যেসব Exclamatory Sentence বা আশ্চর্যবোধক বাক্য Here বা There দ্বারা শুরু হয়ে বর্তমানে কিছু ঘটছে এমন বোঝায় সেসব বাক্যে Present Indefinite
Tense ব্যবহৃত হয়। যেমন—
Here comes the bus!
There she goes!
3. বাক্যে now, at this moment, at this time, at present, still ইত্যাদি থাকলে বাক্যটি Present Continuous হয়। তেমনিভাবে বর্তমানে তাৎক্ষণিক দৃষ্টি আকর্ষণমূলক শব্দ, যেমন— look, listen, hush ইত্যাদি থাকলেও Present Continuous হয়। উল্লেখ্য, যেসব Verb-এর Continuous হয় না সেগুলোকে Present Indefinite-এ করতে হবে।
I am writing letter to my sister now.
4. দুটি বর্তমান ঘটনা যদি while / when দ্বারা যুক্ত হয় তাহলে while/when যুক্ত অংশটি Present Continuous হয়।
যেমন- Don't make a noise while your father is sleeping.
5. বাক্যে already, just, just now, yet, never, ever, lately, recently থাকলে Present Perfect Tense হয়।
Have you finished the work yet?
6. বাক্যে যাবৎ ধরে, হতে, থেকে অর্থে for বা since থাকলে Present Perfect এবং Present Perfect Continuous Tense উভয়ই হয়। তবে উল্লেখ্য, যেসব Verb- এর Continuous হয় না সেসব Verb এই Tense-এ আসলে তাদেরকে Present Perfect করতে হবে।
যেমন—
He has been living here for five months.
7. Yesterday, ago, long ago, long since, last, last night, last week, last month, last year, the day before yesterday, as soon as ইত্যাদি শব্দগুচ্ছ Past Indefinite Tense নির্দেশ করে।
যেমন—
He moved to Chicago just a few months ago."
I opened the door as soon as I heard the bell.
8. বাক্যে at that time, at that moment, then ইত্যাদি থাকলে Past Continuous Tense হয়। তেমনিভাবে অতীতের দুটি সমসাময়িক ঘটনা while/when/as যারা যুক্ত হলে while/when/as যুক্ত অংশটি Past Continuous Tense হয়, অপর অংশে হয় Past Indefinite। তবে কখনো কখনো when যুক্ত অংশ Past Indefinite হলে অপর অংশ Past Continuous হয় ।
We were watching the news when the telephone rang.
As the sun was shining, I decided to go out.
9. While-এর ঠিক পরে Subject থাকলে অতীতের ক্ষেত্রে Past Continuous Tense হয় । কিন্তু While-এর ঠিক পরে Subject না থেকে যদি সরাসরি Verb থাকে তাহলে উক্ত Verb-এর সাথে ing যুক্ত হয়।
যেমন—
As they waited Rahim argued against war.
While his brother was discussing the effects of pollution.
10. অতীতের দুটি ক্রমিক ঘটনার ক্ষেত্রে before-এর পূর্বে এবং after-এর পরে Past Perfect Tense হয়, অন্যটি হয় Past Indefinite -এ ।
I reached the station after the train had left.
11. বাক্যে tomorrow, next, coming, ensuing, in the days/years to come ইত্যাদি থাকলে Future Indefinite Tense হয় ।
He will come home tomorrow.
12. বাক্যে by this time, by (time, month, year), next (time, month, year) by next (time, month, year) ইত্যাদি থাকলে Future Perfect Tense হয়। যেমন—
Next August, Lata and Tanim will have been married for 10 years.
13. প্রশ্নবোধক বাক্যের শুরুতে Tense অনুযায়ী Auxiliary Verbs যেমন— do, does, did, have ইত্যাদি বসে। Does ও did শুরুতে আসলে মূল Verb-এর Present form হয়। তেমনিভাবে শুরুতে Wh-question আসলে এরপর Tense অনুযায়ী Auxiliary Verbs + Subject বসে।
Where did the accident happen?
14. It is time, it is high time, wish ইত্যাদির পর Subject থাকলে Verb-টি Past Tense এর হয়। আর এদের পর subject না থাকলে to + Verb হয়, তবে wish এর পর be verb এর স্থলে were বসে।
It is high time we discussed the matter.
It is time to do the work
15. As if/as though ব্যবহার করে অসম্ভব বা অবাস্তব কোনো কাজ বোঝালে সাধারণত নিম্নোক্ত গঠন অনুসরণ করা হয়। যেমন-
(i) Clause in present tense + as if/as though + clause in past indefinite tense (be verb এর স্থলে were হয়)
(i) Clause in past tense + as if/as though + clause in past perfect tense। তবে অসম্ভব বা অবাস্তব ঘটনা না বোঝালে এই গঠন অনুসরণ করা হয় না।
Rishan walks as if he were lame.
16. Since দ্বারা দুটি বাক্যাংশ যুক্ত হলে since-এর পূর্বে Present Indefinite অথবা Present Perfect হলে since-এর পর Past Indefinite Tense হয়। তবে since- এর আগে Past indefinite থাকলে এর পরে Past Perfect হয়।
Some days have passed since my father died.
17. বাক্যে mind, cannot help, could not help, with a view to, look forward to, be used to, get used to, worth ইত্যাদি পর কোন Verb আসলে
Verb-এর সাথে ing যুক্ত হয়।
যেমন—
I don't mind helping with the cooking but I am not going to wash the dishes.
Hard work is the key to success in anyone’s life. We cannot gain success by just doing a task; we have to put our 100% in any task so that we gain a great place in life.If we are unstable and lose our heart easily we cannot reach the place we desire in life. No matter how bad the obstacles are, we should not give up. Staying unmoved despite of so many problems will give a great courage to us. We should be well planned and organized in performing our tasks and we should not be deviated from our aim.We would have heard the great proverb:“A rolling stone gathers no moss”. A stone that keeps moving doesn’t gather any moss. At the same time, one that stays in a fixed place will gather green moss. This also means that we should be focused and stable about what we have to achieve in our life. Patience and perseverance matters a lot. It is good to be patient though failures hit continuously.When we see failure in life, we should not be demotivated. We should always remember “Failures are the stepping stones to success.” So, before getting into any task we should analyze the positives and negatives; later, we should not hesitate to proceed further. Being stable and determined is very important in life. If we keep moving from one place to another, we would be “Jack of All Trades; but master of none!”
The proverb "A rolling stone gathers no moss" suggests that someone who is constantly moving or changing—whether in terms of location, occupation, or behavior—does not accumulate responsibilities, commitments, or long-term relationships. The "stone" symbolizes a person who is always on the move, while the "moss" represents the things that naturally build up over time when one is settled or stable.
Amplification:
The proverb teaches us about the consequences of restlessness and the benefits of stability. A person who is always in motion, never settling down in one place or sticking with one task, avoids the burdens and attachments that come with staying in one place. However, this constant movement also means they miss out on the growth, depth, and enrichment that come with commitment and perseverance. Moss, which grows slowly over time, symbolizes the wisdom, experience, and rewards that accumulate when one is dedicated and consistent in their efforts.
On the flip side, the proverb also subtly warns against the potential stagnation that can occur if one never moves at all. Just as a stone covered in moss can become heavy and immobile, a person who never seeks change or challenges may become stuck in their ways, unable to adapt or grow. Therefore, while it's important to avoid being overly restless, it's equally important not to resist change entirely.
In essence, the proverb encourages a balance between the two extremes. While it acknowledges the freedom and lightness that come with being a "rolling stone," it also highlights the value of building something meaningful through persistence and stability.
The literal meaning of this saying is that a timely stitch to a rent in our garment will mend it quickly and easily. But if we delay mending it, the rent will be bigger and then to mend it with a stitch will take much more time. Procrastination in dealing with that rent, or an attitude of dealing with that tomorrow, will worsen it, will make it bigger and bigger every day, and it will take much more time and effort than was necessary if we took it up immediately. Metaphorically, it means that if any problem in our life starts off, we should try to address the problem immediately. But if we put off or procrastinate, the problem will grow bigger and more and more complex. A timely attempt to solve the problem in the very beginning might have taken a very small amount of time and effort; the problem might have been solved easily. But if we put it off for tomorrow, the tomorrow might never come, and many days would pass. The nature of things, especially of bad things, is to grow worse and worse every day. Even if we put off dealing with a problem, the problem would not remain static; it would grow bigger and bigger, and more and more complex. And solving it, when it has already grown unwieldy in size and complexity, would require much more time, energy, and effort than would have been necessary, had we taken it up in the very beginning. Or, even it is possible that the problem cannot be solved at all; it will then engulf our life, and we may be ruined'. As the proverb is true of the individual, it is also true of a nation. If any evil thing creeps into it, it should be removed immediately. If we fail to do that, it will develop into a festering sore and eat into the vitals of our people. The proverb is a call to immediate action in case of any problem. It is a call for the individual as well as for the nation.
উত্তরঃ
The basket containing ten apples was made of cane.
This sentence requires correction based on the principle of subject-verb agreement.
The main subject of the sentence is "The basket," which is a singular noun. The phrase "containing ten apples" is a participial phrase acting as an adjective, modifying "basket." It does not alter the number (singularity or plurality) of the main subject.
Since the subject "basket" is singular, the verb must also be singular. The original sentence used "were," which is a plural verb. It should be replaced with the singular past tense verb "was" to agree with the singular subject.
