Smart Grid: A Smart Grid is an advanced electrical network that integrates traditional power infrastructure with modern Information and Communication Technology (ICT). Unlike traditional grids, it enables two-way flow of both electricity and data, allowing for real-time monitoring, automated control, and increased efficiency.

Typical Components:

1. Smart Meters (AMI):
2. Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs):
3. Two-Way Communication Network
4. Distributed Energy Resources (DER)
5. Control Software (SCADA/MDMS)

% reactance of alternator on base kVA,

$\%X_A=\frac{10000}{10\times {10}^3}\times 10=10\%$

% reactance of transformer on base kVA,

$\%X_T= \frac{10000}{5\times {10}^3}\times 5=10\%$

% reactance of transmission line is

$\%X_L=\frac{\left(kVA\right) \times reac\tan ce in \Omega }{10 {\left(kV\right)}^2}$

$=\frac{10,000 \times 4}{10\times {\left(10\right)}^2}= 40\%$

% age resistance of transmission line,

$\%R_L =\frac{10,000 \times 1}{10\times (10{)}^2}= 10\%$

(i) Total % reactance = %X_A+%X_T+%X_L

= 10 + 10 + 40 = 60%

% resistance = 10%

∴ % impedance from generator neutral upto fault point F₂

$=\sqrt{(60{)}^2+(10{)}^2}$ = 60.83%

∴ Short-circuit kVA $= 10000\times \frac{100}{60.83}= 16 ,440 kVA$

(ii) For a fault at the high voltage terminals of the transformer (point F₁),

Total % reactance from generator neutral upto fault point F₁

$=\%X\mathrm{<em></em>}T=10+10=20\%$

∴ Short-circuit kVA$= 10000\times \frac{100}{20}$

= 50000kVA