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Hides(āĻĒāĻļā§āĻšāĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻ…āĻœāĻŋāĻ¨)and skins are the raw material of the leather manufacturer or tanner(āĻšāĻžāĻŽā§œāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡ āĻ¨āĻŋā§Ÿā§‹āĻœāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€). When man first used animal skins is not known. Skins, even when preserved by tanning(āĻšāĻžāĻŽā§œāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻ•āĻ°āĻŖ) , do not last as long as stone, pottery(āĻŽā§ƒā§ŽāĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ),  metals and bones, and our knowledge about the early use of skins in vague.  However, the numerous flint scrappers (āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻ‚āĻ¸āĻžāĻļā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻžāĻĨāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻŸā§āĻ•āĻ°ā§‹) and bone or ivory sewing needles in our museums show that tens of thousands of years ago, in the early Stone Age, skins were prepared and used long before textiles. Nowadays, hides and skins are essential raw materials and important articles (āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§) of commerce. Any animal skin can be made into leather, but the skin chiefly used come from cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and horses. To a lesser extent the skins from dogs, deer, reptiles, marine animals, fish and birds are also used. Snakes, lizards, seals, whales and sharks all contribute to the leather manufacture. ‘Hide’ is the trade word for the skins of the larger animals such as full grown cattle and horses; and ‘skin’ for the smaller animals and immature larger animals, such as ponies and calves. Some skin are made into leather after the hair or wool has been removed; but the skins of the fur-bearing animals and sometimes of sheep, lambs (and ponies are processed, or ‘dressed’, with the hair or wool still in place. Most cattle hides come from South America, the U.S.A, and from Australia with smaller quantities from East and West Africa, Central America and the Sudan. Sheepskins come from Australia and New Zealand, and the best goat skins comes from India, Pakistan, Ethiopia, Saudi Arabia and Nigeria. There is usually a long interval between the flaying or stripping, of the skin from the animals and putting it into tannery for processing. If the flayed skins were left wet, they would go bad, just like meat; they must therefore be preserved in some way. The commonest method is salting. This involves sprinkling the skins with salt on their inner side; or immersing the skins completely in strong salt solution for some hours, after which they are drained and sprinkled with solid salt. Another method is drying is to stretch the skins out on the grounds, or on frames and to dry them in the sun, or even better in the shade. Beetles and other insects eat skins and must be kept away by the use of some chemical such as D.D.T. The dried skins are called ‘crust’ leather and are sent in this farm to the tanneries for the very complicated process of tanning. After tanning, only the middle layer of the skin is left to provide leather as we know it. It is to the closely knit fiber structure of the middle layer that leather owes its virtues of flexibility, strength and elasticity, its resistance to rubbing and its unique power of allowing water vapour and air to pass through it while resisting penetration by liquid water itself.

Write a sentence with each of the following words/expressions. Copying of any sentence from the passage must be avoided.

Updated: 9 months ago
BCS 37th BCS Written English
(a)
Immature;
No explanation available yet.
(b)
interval;
No explanation available yet.
(c)
flexibility
No explanation available yet.
(d)
elasticity
No explanation available yet.
(f)
wet
No explanation available yet.
(g)
stretch out;
No explanation available yet.
(h)
salt solution
No explanation available yet.
(i)
dry
No explanation available yet.
(j)
immersion
No explanation available yet.
218
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(1)
Answer the questions below. Do not copy any sentence from the passage above. Write the answers in your own sentences having your own wordings and phrasing:
BCS 37th BCS Written English
(a)
What is the passage about?
No explanation available yet.
(f)
What is D.D.T.? And why is it used on the skins?
No explanation available yet.
(g)
What is ‘crust’ leather? Why is it sent to tannery?
No explanation available yet.
(i)
What knowledge have you had from this passage?
No explanation available yet.
(j)
Give a suitable title of the passage.
No explanation available yet.
178
(2)
Guess the meanings of the following words/expressions using contextual clues: (The words are underlined in the passage)
BCS 37th BCS Written English
(a)
raw (expressions using contextual)
No explanation available yet.
(b)
pottery (expressions using contextual)
No explanation available yet.
(c)
vague (expressions using contextual)
No explanation available yet.
(d)
tannery (expressions using contextual)
No explanation available yet.
(e)
penetration (expressions using contextual)
No explanation available yet.
115
(3)
Fill in the table by putting words in the empty cells according to their parts of speech:
BCS 37th BCS Written English
135
(4)
Join the sets of sentences into one sentence.
BCS 37th BCS Written English
130
432
490
āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻ•āĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§‡āĻˇāĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ

ā§§ āĻ•ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨, āĻļā§€āĻŸ, āĻ¸āĻžāĻœā§‡āĻļāĻ¨ āĻ“
āĻ…āĻ¨āĻ˛āĻžāĻ‡āĻ¨ āĻĒāĻ°ā§€āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻž āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻĢāĻŸāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°!

āĻļā§āĻ§ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ˛ā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻŸ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻ¨ — āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨āĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ…āĻŸā§‹āĻŽā§‡āĻŸāĻŋāĻ• āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ!

āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻĄāĻŋāĻŸ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦā§‡
āĻœāĻ˛āĻ›āĻžāĻĒ āĻĻā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦā§‡
āĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨āĻž āĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦā§‡
Logo, Motto āĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻŦā§‡
āĻ…āĻŸā§‹ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽ
āĻ…āĻŸā§‹ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻĄāĻŋāĻŸ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦā§‡
āĻœāĻ˛āĻ›āĻžāĻĒ āĻĻā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦā§‡
āĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ¨āĻž āĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦā§‡
Logo, Motto āĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻŦā§‡
āĻ…āĻŸā§‹ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽ
āĻ…āĻŸā§‹ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨
āĻ…āĻŸā§‹ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§‡āĻļāĻ¨āĻž (āĻāĻĄāĻŋāĻŸāĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—ā§āĻ¯)
āĻ…āĻŸā§‹ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ
OMR āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦā§‡
āĻĢāĻ¨ā§āĻŸ, āĻ•āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ, āĻĄāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻ‡āĻĄāĻžāĻ°
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨/āĻ…āĻĒāĻļāĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻžāĻ‡āĻ˛ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨
āĻ¸ā§‡āĻŸ āĻ•ā§‹āĻĄ, āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ•ā§‹āĻĄ
āĻ…āĻŸā§‹ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§‡āĻļāĻ¨āĻž (āĻāĻĄāĻŋāĻŸāĻ¯ā§‹āĻ—ā§āĻ¯)
āĻ…āĻŸā§‹ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ
OMR āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ¯ā§āĻ•ā§āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦā§‡
āĻĢāĻ¨ā§āĻŸ, āĻ•āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ, āĻĄāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻ‡āĻĄāĻžāĻ°
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨/āĻ…āĻĒāĻļāĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻžāĻ‡āĻ˛ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨
āĻ¸ā§‡āĻŸ āĻ•ā§‹āĻĄ, āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ•ā§‹āĻĄ
āĻāĻ–āĻ¨āĻ‡ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻĄā§‡āĻŽā§‹ āĻĻā§‡āĻ–ā§āĻ¨
ā§Ģā§Ļ,ā§Ļā§Ļā§Ļ+
āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻ•
ā§Šā§Ļ āĻ˛āĻ•ā§āĻˇ+
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨āĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ°

Related Question

Answer the questions below. Do not copy any sentence from the passage above. Write the answers in your own sentences having your own wordings and phrasing:
Guess the meanings of the following words/expressions using contextual clues: (The words are underlined in the passage)
Fill in the table by putting words in the empty cells according to their parts of speech:
Join the sets of sentences into one sentence.
Summarize the passage in your own words in 100 words.
Write a feature to the editor of a renowned English Daily on “The role and importance of tannery in making hides and skins into leather”.
āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° ā§§ā§Ģ āĻĒā§ŸāĻ¸āĻžā§Ÿ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨āĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ°
ā§§ āĻ•ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨, āĻļā§€āĻŸ, āĻ¸āĻžāĻœā§‡āĻļāĻ¨ āĻ¤ā§ˆāĻ°āĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻ†āĻœāĻ‡

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